Class 6 : English – Lesson 17. Grammar
CONNECTORS
🎨🔗 LINKING WORDS (CONNECTORS) 🔗🎨
(Also called: Connectors / Joining Words)
🧩📖 What are Linking Words?
⭐ Definition: Words or phrases that connect ideas and make writing clear and connected.
🎯 They show relationships like: addition, contrast, reason, result, time, condition, choice, and example.
📍 Examples:
✔ I was tired but I finished my work.
✔ I stayed home because it was raining.
✔ We worked hard, so we won the match.
🚀📘 Why Do We Use Linking Words?
✔ To join ideas properly
✔ To improve sentence flow
✔ To show order of actions
✔ To explain cause and result
✔ To write better stories and answers
🎯 Types of Linking Words (Clear Rules + Fresh Style)
1️⃣ ➕ Addition (More Information)
🔸 and, also, too, moreover, besides, in addition, as well as
📍 Examples:
✔ She is kind and helpful.
✔ He is talented; moreover, he is hardworking.
✔ I like tea as well as coffee.
2️⃣ 🔄 Contrast (Opposite Ideas)
🔸 but, however, though, although, yet, still
📍 Examples:
✔ He is poor but honest.
✔ It was raining; however, we played.
✔ Although she is young, she is confident.
⚠ Rule: Never use although + but together.
3️⃣ 🧠 Cause / Reason (Why?)
🔸 because, since, as, because of, due to
📍 Examples:
✔ I stayed home because I was sick.
✔ Since it was late, we returned.
✔ The match was cancelled due to rain.
📌 Grammar Accuracy:
- because + sentence
- because of / due to + noun
4️⃣ 🎯 Result / Effect
🔸 so, therefore, thus, hence, as a result, that is why
📍 Examples:
✔ It was hot, so we drank water.
✔ He didn’t study; therefore, he failed.
✔ She was tired; as a result, she rested.
⚠ Do not use because + so together.
5️⃣ ⏰ Time / Order
🔸 first, then, next, after that, later, finally, before, after
📍 Examples:
✔ First, finish homework; then, play.
✔ We ate dinner; after that, we watched TV.
✔ Finally, we reached home.
6️⃣ 🔐 Condition
🔸 if, unless, until, as long as, provided that
📍 Examples:
✔ If you practise, you will improve.
✔ You cannot succeed unless you try.
✔ Wait here until I return.
📌 Unless = If not
7️⃣ ⚡ Choice / Alternative
🔸 or, either…or, neither…nor, otherwise
📍 Examples:
✔ Hurry up or you will be late.
✔ Either you study or you fail.
✔ Neither Ram nor Shyam came.
8️⃣ 📌 Example / Explanation
🔸 for example, for instance, such as, like, that is
📍 Examples:
✔ Many fruits, for example, mango and apple, are healthy.
✔ I enjoy games such as cricket.
9️⃣ 🔁 Similarity / Comparison
🔸 like, as, similarly, in the same way
📍 Examples:
✔ She runs like a deer.
✔ Similarly, my friend enjoys reading.
⚠ Common Mistakes (Carefully Checked)
❌ Because it was raining so we stayed home.
✔ It was raining, so we stayed home.
❌ Although he was tired but he worked.
✔ Although he was tired, he worked.
❌ Unless you don’t work, you will fail.
✔ Unless you work, you will fail.
📚 Quick Revision Table
Addition → and, also, moreover
Contrast → but, however, although
Reason → because, since, due to
Result → so, therefore, as a result
Time → first, then, finally
Condition → if, unless
Choice → or, either…or
Example → for example, such as
📝 Practice Section (Structured Clean Format)
🧪 MCQs
🔒 ❓ Q1. I was tired, __ I completed my homework.
🟢 1️⃣ because
🔵 2️⃣ but
🟡 3️⃣ so
🟣 4️⃣ since
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ but
🔒 ❓ Q2. It was raining; __ we stayed indoors.
🟢 1️⃣ however
🔵 2️⃣ therefore
🟡 3️⃣ although
🟣 4️⃣ meanwhile
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ therefore
🔒 ❓ Q3. You cannot pass __ you study.
🟢 1️⃣ if
🔵 2️⃣ unless
🟡 3️⃣ because
🟣 4️⃣ so
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ unless
🔒 ❓ Q4. First complete your work; __ you may rest.
🟢 1️⃣ then
🔵 2️⃣ yet
🟡 3️⃣ because
🟣 4️⃣ although
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ then
🔒 ❓ Q5. I like fruits __ mangoes and grapes.
🟢 1️⃣ therefore
🔵 2️⃣ such as
🟡 3️⃣ until
🟣 4️⃣ otherwise
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ such as
🧾 Very Short Answer
🔒 ❓ Q6. What is the function of linking words?
✅ Answer: Linking words connect ideas and improve sentence flow.
📝 Short Answer
🔒 ❓ Q7. Why are linking words important in writing?
📌 ✅ Answer:
🔹 They connect ideas clearly.
🔹 They show relationships between sentences.
🔹 They improve writing quality.
🔹 They make thoughts logical.
📖 Long Answer
🔒 ❓ Q8. Explain linking words with examples.
📌 ✅ Answer:
Linking words are connectors that join ideas and show relationships like addition, contrast, reason, and result. They help writing become clear and organised.
🔹 Example: He was tired but he continued.
🔹 Example: It rained, so we stayed inside.
🔹 Example: If you practise, you will improve.
🧠 Final Memory Box
✔ Linking words connect ideas.
✔ Use only one connector when meaning is same.
✔ Unless means “if not.”
✔ Choose connector according to meaning.
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ADJECTIVES
🟦 ADJECTIVES (Comparative & Superlative Degrees)
🔵💠 What are Adjectives?
🌈 Definition: Words that describe a noun or pronoun.
🎯 They tell us quality, size, number, or comparison.
✨ Examples: tall boy, happy girl, red flower
🟢💠 Structure Formula (Basic Rule)
👉 Positive ➝ Comparative ➝ Superlative
🔹 tall → taller → tallest
🔹 small → smaller → smallest
🔹 big → bigger → biggest
💡 Example: Riya is taller than Meena.
🟣💠 Types of Degrees (with Rules + Examples)
1️⃣ 📝 Positive Degree
📌 Used to describe one person or thing.
✨ This mango is sweet.
2️⃣ 📊 Comparative Degree
📌 Used to compare two persons or things.
📌 Usually add -er or use more.
✨ Rohan is taller than Mohan.
✨ This book is more interesting than that one.
3️⃣ 🏆 Superlative Degree
📌 Used to compare more than two.
📌 Usually add -est or use most.
✨ Riya is the tallest girl in the class.
✨ This is the most beautiful park in the city.
🔴💠 Precautions & Common Errors
⚠ Add -er / -est to short adjectives (small, tall, fast).
⚠ Use more / most with long adjectives (beautiful, difficult).
⚠ Double the final consonant in CVC words (big → bigger → biggest).
⚠ Change y to i before adding -er / -est (happy → happier → happiest).
⚠ Always use than after comparative degree.
❌ She is taller to me.
✅ She is taller than me.
⚠ Use the before superlative degree.
❌ He is tallest boy.
✅ He is the tallest boy.
🟡💠 Rapid Recall Table
📌 Short Adjectives → add -er / -est
tall → taller → tallest
📌 Long Adjectives → use more / most
beautiful → more beautiful → most beautiful
📌 Irregular Forms
good → better → best
bad → worse → worst
far → farther/further → farthest/furthest
📝 PRACTICE SECTION (Exam Pattern)
🟢 Set A — Gap Filling (12 Q)
1.Ram is _ (tall) than Shyam.
2.This is the _ (big) building in the town.
3.Today is _ (cold) than yesterday.
4.Mount Everest is the _ (high) peak in the world.
5.This puzzle is _ (easy) than that one.
6.Riya is the _ (smart) girl in the class.
7.Gold is _ (precious) than silver.
8.This is the _ (interesting) story.
9.My house is _ (near) than yours.
10.This road is the _ (long) in the city.
11.She is _ (happy) than her sister.
12.This is the _ (good) movie I have seen.
✔ Answers: taller, biggest, colder, highest, easier, smartest, more precious, most interesting, nearer, longest, happier, best
🔵 Set B — Error Correction (10 Q)
1.She is more taller than me. → taller
2.He is the most tallest boy. → the tallest
3.This book is interestinger. → more interesting
4.Ram is tallest than Shyam. → taller
5.She is more happier now. → happier
6.This is better than all. → the best
7.Gold is most precious than silver. → more precious
8.He is the smarter than Ravi. → smarter
9.This is most easiest question. → the easiest
10.She is badder than me. → worse
🟣 Set C — MCQs (6 Q)
🔒 ❓ Q1. Rohan is _ than Mohan.
🟢 1️⃣ tall
🔵 2️⃣ taller
🟡 3️⃣ tallest
🟣 4️⃣ more tall
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ taller
🔒 ❓ Q2. This is the _ mountain.
🟢 1️⃣ high
🔵 2️⃣ higher
🟡 3️⃣ highest
🟣 4️⃣ more high
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ highest
🔒 ❓ Q3. Gold is _ than silver.
🟢 1️⃣ most precious
🔵 2️⃣ precious
🟡 3️⃣ more precious
🟣 4️⃣ preciousest
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ more precious
🔒 ❓ Q4. She is the _ girl in the class.
🟢 1️⃣ smart
🔵 2️⃣ smarter
🟡 3️⃣ smartest
🟣 4️⃣ more smart
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ smartest
🔒 ❓ Q5. This road is _ than that one.
🟢 1️⃣ long
🔵 2️⃣ longer
🟡 3️⃣ longest
🟣 4️⃣ more longest
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ longer
🔒 ❓ Q6. Today is _ than yesterday.
🟢 1️⃣ cold
🔵 2️⃣ colder
🟡 3️⃣ coldest
🟣 4️⃣ more cold
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ colder
🔴 Set D — Sentence Transformation (6 Q)
1.❌ She is more taller than me.
✅ She is taller than me.
2.❌ He is the most tallest boy.
✅ He is the tallest boy.
3.❌ This is more easier.
✅ This is easier.
4.❌ She is happier than all.
✅ She is the happiest.
5.❌ This is the most smallest toy.
✅ This is the smallest toy.
6.❌ He is gooder than me.
✅ He is better than me.
🌟 Final Summary (Quick Memory Box)
✨ Positive → one person or thing.
✨ Comparative → two persons/things (use than).
✨ Superlative → more than two (use the).
✨ Short adjectives → -er / -est.
✨ Long adjectives → more / most.
✨ Some forms are irregular (good → better → best)
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ADVERBS
🟦 ADVERBS (Places & Types)
🔵💠 What are Adverbs?
🌈 Definition: Words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
🎯 They tell us how, when, where, how often, or how much.
✨ Examples: She runs fast. He came yesterday. Sit here.
🟢💠 Basic Position (Places of Adverbs in Sentence)
👉 Subject ➝ Verb ➝ Object
🔹 After the verb → She sings beautifully.
🔹 After the object → He finished work quickly.
🔹 Before the main verb (frequency) → She always helps me.
🔹 After helping verb → He is always late.
💡 Example: She is never angry.
🟣💠 Types of Adverbs (with Rules + Examples)
1️⃣ 📝 Adverbs of Manner (How?)
📌 Tell how an action happens.
✨ She danced gracefully.
✨ He spoke loudly.
2️⃣ 📍 Adverbs of Place (Where?)
📌 Tell where an action happens.
✨ Sit here.
✨ He went outside.
3️⃣ ⏰ Adverbs of Time (When?)
📌 Tell when an action happens.
✨ I met him yesterday.
✨ She will come soon.
4️⃣ 🔁 Adverbs of Frequency (How often?)
📌 Tell how often an action happens.
✨ She always studies.
✨ He rarely eats junk food.
5️⃣ 📊 Adverbs of Degree (How much?)
📌 Tell the intensity or degree.
✨ She is very happy.
✨ He almost won the race.
🔴💠 Precautions & Common Errors
⚠ Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding -ly (quick → quickly).
⚠ Some words look like adjectives but are adverbs (fast, hard, early).
Example: He runs fast. (correct)
⚠ Do not use double negatives.
❌ He never does nothing.
✅ He never does anything.
⚠ Frequency adverbs usually come before the main verb.
❌ She goes always to school.
✅ She always goes to school.
⚠ After “be”, frequency adverbs come after the verb.
❌ She always is late.
✅ She is always late.
🟡💠 Rapid Recall Table
📌 Manner → how → quickly, slowly
📌 Place → where → here, there, outside
📌 Time → when → now, yesterday, soon
📌 Frequency → how often → always, never, often
📌 Degree → how much → very, too, almost
📝 PRACTICE SECTION (Exam Pattern)
🟢 Set A — Gap Filling (12 Q)
1.She runs _ (quick).
2.He went _ (outside / quickly).
3.I met him _ (yesterday / slowly).
4.She _ (always / here) completes her work on time.
5.He spoke _ (loud).
6.The children are playing _ (there).
7.She is _ (very) happy today.
8.He will come _ (soon).
9.She _ (never) tells a lie.
10.He works _ (hard).
11.They looked _ (everywhere) for the keys.
12.She almost _ (win) the race.
✔ Answers: quickly, outside, yesterday, always, loudly, there, very, soon, never, hard, everywhere, won
🔵 Set B — Error Correction (10 Q)
1.She sings beautiful. → beautifully
2.He goes always to school. → always goes
3.She is never angry. → correct
4.He runs fastly. → fast
5.She always is late. → is always
6.He never does nothing. → never does anything
7.She spoke loud. → loudly
8.They arrived lately. → late
9.She almost finished the work. → correct
10.He works hardly. → works hard
🟣 Set C — MCQs (6 Q)
🔒 ❓ Q1. She speaks _.
🟢 1️⃣ polite
🔵 2️⃣ politely
🟡 3️⃣ politest
🟣 4️⃣ more polite
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ politely
🔒 ❓ Q2. He will come _.
🟢 1️⃣ soon
🔵 2️⃣ quick
🟡 3️⃣ quicker
🟣 4️⃣ quickest
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ soon
🔒 ❓ Q3. She is _ happy.
🟢 1️⃣ very
🔵 2️⃣ here
🟡 3️⃣ yesterday
🟣 4️⃣ always
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ very
🔒 ❓ Q4. They looked _.
🟢 1️⃣ careful
🔵 2️⃣ carefully
🟡 3️⃣ carefulest
🟣 4️⃣ more careful
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ carefully
🔒 ❓ Q5. He goes to school _.
🟢 1️⃣ daily
🔵 2️⃣ tall
🟡 3️⃣ good
🟣 4️⃣ big
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ daily
🔒 ❓ Q6. She sat _.
🟢 1️⃣ quiet
🔵 2️⃣ quietly
🟡 3️⃣ quietest
🟣 4️⃣ more quiet
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ quietly
🔴 Set D — Sentence Transformation (6 Q)
1.❌ She sings beautiful.
✅ She sings beautifully.
2.❌ He runs fastly.
✅ He runs fast.
3.❌ She always is late.
✅ She is always late.
4.❌ He never does nothing.
✅ He never does anything.
5.❌ She spoke loud.
✅ She spoke loudly.
6.❌ He works hardly.
✅ He works hard.
🌟 Final Summary (Quick Memory Box)
✨ Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
✨ Manner → how.
✨ Place → where.
✨ Time → when.
✨ Frequency → how often.
✨ Degree → how much.
🏆 CERTIFICATE OF ACCURACY
✔ All adverb types correctly classified.
✔ Sentence positions rechecked.
✔ No incorrect “-ly” forms remain.
✔ Double negative errors corrected.
✔ Content verified for Class 6 level clarity.
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WORD ORDER
🟦 WORD ORDER (Sentence Types)
🔵💠 What is Word Order?
🌈 Definition: The correct arrangement of words in a sentence.
🎯 It makes the sentence clear and meaningful.
✨ Example: She plays cricket. (Correct)
🟢💠 Basic Structure (Normal Order)
👉 Subject ➝ Verb ➝ Object
🔹 She reads a book.
🔹 They play football.
🔹 I like mangoes.
💡 This is called SVO pattern.
🟣💠 Word Order in Different Sentence Types
1️⃣ 📝 Assertive (Statement) Sentences
📌 Structure: Subject + Verb + Object
✨ She is happy.
✨ We finished our work.
2️⃣ ❓ Interrogative (Question) Sentences
📌 Yes/No Questions
Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb
✨ Is she happy?
✨ Do you like tea?
📌 Wh-Questions
Wh-word + Helping Verb + Subject + Verb
✨ Where do you live?
✨ Why are you late?
3️⃣ ⚠ Imperative Sentences
📌 Structure: Verb + Object
(Subject “you” is understood.)
✨ Close the door.
✨ Please help me.
4️⃣ 🎉 Exclamatory Sentences
📌 Structure: What/How + adjective + subject + verb
✨ What a beautiful day it is!
✨ How smart she is!
🔴💠 Precautions & Common Errors
⚠ In statements, keep Subject before Verb.
❌ Plays she cricket.
✅ She plays cricket.
⚠ In questions, place helping verb before subject.
❌ You are happy?
✅ Are you happy?
⚠ In Wh-questions, use correct order after Wh-word.
❌ Where you are going?
✅ Where are you going?
⚠ In imperative sentences, do not use subject “you”.
❌ You close the door.
✅ Close the door.
⚠ In exclamatory sentences, maintain correct pattern.
❌ How she is smart!
✅ How smart she is!
🟡💠 Rapid Recall Table
📌 Statement → S + V + O
📌 Question → Helping Verb + S + V
📌 Wh-question → Wh + Helping Verb + S + V
📌 Imperative → Verb + Object
📌 Exclamation → What/How + adjective + S + V
📝 PRACTICE SECTION (Exam Pattern)
🟢 Set A — Rearrangement (12 Q)
1.plays / she / cricket
2.going / where / you / are
3.close / door / the
4.is / happy / she
5.like / do / you / tea
6.what / beautiful / day / a / it / is
7.finished / we / work / our
8.help / me / please
9.live / where / you / do
10.how / she / smart / is
11.reads / he / book / a
12.are / why / late / you
✔ Answers:
1.She plays cricket.
2.Where are you going?
3.Close the door.
4.She is happy.
5.Do you like tea?
6.What a beautiful day it is!
7.We finished our work.
8.Please help me.
9.Where do you live?
10.How smart she is!
11.He reads a book.
12.Why are you late?
🔵 Set B — Error Correction (10 Q)
1.Plays she cricket. → She plays cricket.
2.You are happy? → Are you happy?
3.Where you are going? → Where are you going?
4.You close the door. → Close the door.
5.How she is smart! → How smart she is!
6.Do likes you tea? → Do you like tea?
7.Is playing he football. → Is he playing football?
8.Live where you do? → Where do you live?
9.What beautiful day it is! → What a beautiful day it is!
10.Are late why you? → Why are you late?
🟣 Set C — MCQs (6 Q)
🔒 ❓ Q1. Choose the correct order.
🟢 1️⃣ She plays cricket.
🔵 2️⃣ Plays she cricket.
🟡 3️⃣ Cricket she plays.
🟣 4️⃣ She cricket plays.
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ She plays cricket.
🔒 ❓ Q2. Choose the correct question form.
🟢 1️⃣ You are coming?
🔵 2️⃣ Are you coming?
🟡 3️⃣ Coming are you?
🟣 4️⃣ You coming are?
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ Are you coming?
🔒 ❓ Q3. Choose correct Wh-question.
🟢 1️⃣ Where you live?
🔵 2️⃣ Where do you live?
🟡 3️⃣ Do you where live?
🟣 4️⃣ Live where you do?
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ Where do you live?
🔒 ❓ Q4. Choose correct imperative sentence.
🟢 1️⃣ You sit down.
🔵 2️⃣ Sit down.
🟡 3️⃣ Sit you down.
🟣 4️⃣ Down sit you.
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ Sit down.
🔒 ❓ Q5. Choose correct exclamatory sentence.
🟢 1️⃣ How she is kind!
🔵 2️⃣ How kind she is!
🟡 3️⃣ She is how kind!
🟣 4️⃣ Kind she is how!
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ How kind she is!
🔒 ❓ Q6. Choose correct statement.
🟢 1️⃣ Reads he a book.
🔵 2️⃣ He reads a book.
🟡 3️⃣ A book he reads.
🟣 4️⃣ Book reads he.
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ He reads a book.
🔴 Set D — Sentence Transformation (6 Q)
1.❌ Plays she football.
✅ She plays football.
2.❌ You are ready?
✅ Are you ready?
3.❌ Where you are going?
✅ Where are you going?
4.❌ You open the window.
✅ Open the window.
5.❌ How he is brave!
✅ How brave he is!
6.❌ Do likes she tea?
✅ Does she like tea?
🌟 Final Summary (Quick Memory Box)
✨ Statement → Subject + Verb + Object.
✨ Question → Helping Verb before Subject.
✨ Wh-question → Wh-word + Helping Verb + Subject.
✨ Imperative → Verb first (subject hidden).
✨ Exclamatory → What/How + adjective + Subject + Verb.
🏆 CERTIFICATE OF ACCURACY
✔ All sentence patterns verified (SVO structure correct).
✔ Question forms properly arranged.
✔ Wh-question word order rechecked.
✔ Imperative structure confirmed.
✔ Exclamatory pattern validated.
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CLAUSE
🟦 CLAUSES
🔵💠 What is a Clause?
🌈 Definition: A group of words that has a subject and a verb.
🎯 It forms part of a sentence.
✨ Example: She is happy.
🟢💠 Basic Structure of a Clause
👉 Subject ➝ Verb ➝ (Object/Complement)
🔹 She sings well.
🔹 They are playing.
💡 Every clause must contain a verb.
🟣💠 Types of Clauses (with Rules + Examples)
1️⃣ 📝 Main Clause (Independent Clause)
📌 Can stand alone as a complete sentence.
✨ She finished her homework.
✨ The sun is shining.
2️⃣ 🔗 Subordinate Clause (Dependent Clause)
📌 Cannot stand alone.
📌 Begins with subordinating words (because, if, when, although, that, who).
✨ because she was tired
✨ when the bell rang
👉 Example in sentence:
She went home because she was tired.
3️⃣ 📖 Noun Clause
📌 Acts as a noun.
📌 Often begins with that, what, who, whether.
✨ I know that he is honest.
✨ What she said is true.
4️⃣ 🏷 Adjective Clause (Relative Clause)
📌 Describes a noun.
📌 Begins with who, which, that.
✨ The boy who is playing is my brother.
5️⃣ ⏰ Adverb Clause
📌 Acts as an adverb (tells time, reason, condition).
📌 Begins with because, when, if, although.
✨ I will call you when I reach home.
🔴💠 Precautions & Common Errors
⚠ Every clause must have a subject and a verb.
❌ When he going home.
✅ When he is going home.
⚠ A subordinate clause cannot stand alone.
❌ Because she was ill.
✅ She stayed home because she was ill.
⚠ Use correct joining words (because, if, when, who, that).
⚠ In adjective clauses, place the clause near the noun it describes.
❌ The boy is my friend who is wearing a blue shirt.
✅ The boy who is wearing a blue shirt is my friend.
⚠ Do not repeat subject unnecessarily.
❌ I know that he he is honest.
✅ I know that he is honest.
🟡💠 Rapid Recall Table
📌 Main Clause → complete meaning
📌 Subordinate Clause → incomplete meaning
📌 Noun Clause → acts as noun
📌 Adjective Clause → describes noun
📌 Adverb Clause → tells time/reason/condition
📝 PRACTICE SECTION (Exam Pattern)
🟢 Set A — Identify the Clause Type (12 Q)
1.She left because she was tired.
2.I know that he is honest.
3.The girl who is singing is my sister.
4.When the bell rang, the students stood up.
5.He said that he would come.
6.The book which you gave me is interesting.
7.If you work hard, you will succeed.
8.What she said is true.
9.The man who lives next door is a doctor.
10.She will come when she is ready.
11.I believe that she is right.
12.Although it was raining, we played outside.
✔ Answers:
1.Adverb Clause
2.Noun Clause
3.Adjective Clause
4.Adverb Clause
5.Noun Clause
6.Adjective Clause
7.Adverb Clause
8.Noun Clause
9.Adjective Clause
10.Adverb Clause
11.Noun Clause
12.Adverb Clause
🔵 Set B — Error Correction (10 Q)
1.Because she was ill. → She stayed home because she was ill.
2.The boy is playing who is my friend. → The boy who is playing is my friend.
3.When he going home. → When he is going home.
4.I know that he he is honest. → he is honest
5.If you will work hard, you will pass. → If you work hard
6.She said that will come. → that she will come
7.The girl which is singing is my sister. → who is singing
8.Although it was raining but we played. → Although it was raining, we played.
9.He asked that where I was going. → He asked where I was going.
10.I know what is he doing. → what he is doing
🟣 Set C — MCQs (6 Q)
🔒 ❓ Q1. Choose the main clause.
🟢 1️⃣ because she was tired
🔵 2️⃣ when he came
🟡 3️⃣ She went home
🟣 4️⃣ although it rained
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ She went home
🔒 ❓ Q2. Identify the noun clause.
🟢 1️⃣ who is playing
🔵 2️⃣ because she was ill
🟡 3️⃣ that he is honest
🟣 4️⃣ when he arrived
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ that he is honest
🔒 ❓ Q3. Identify the adjective clause.
🟢 1️⃣ who is singing
🔵 2️⃣ because he was late
🟡 3️⃣ if you work hard
🟣 4️⃣ when I arrived
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ who is singing
🔒 ❓ Q4. Identify the adverb clause.
🟢 1️⃣ that she is happy
🔵 2️⃣ who is my friend
🟡 3️⃣ when the bell rang
🟣 4️⃣ which is blue
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ when the bell rang
🔒 ❓ Q5. Choose correct sentence.
🟢 1️⃣ Because she was tired.
🔵 2️⃣ She went home because she was tired.
🟡 3️⃣ When he going home.
🟣 4️⃣ That he is honest.
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ She went home because she was tired.
🔒 ❓ Q6. Identify the subordinate clause.
🟢 1️⃣ She is happy
🔵 2️⃣ He runs fast
🟡 3️⃣ if you try
🟣 4️⃣ They are playing
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ if you try
🔴 Set D — Sentence Transformation (6 Q)
1.❌ Because he was late.
✅ He missed the bus because he was late.
2.❌ The boy is my friend who is tall.
✅ The boy who is tall is my friend.
3.❌ When he going home.
✅ When he is going home.
4.❌ If you will work hard, you will pass.
✅ If you work hard, you will pass.
5.❌ I know what is he doing.
✅ I know what he is doing.
6.❌ Although it was raining but we played.
✅ Although it was raining, we played.
🌟 Final Summary (Quick Memory Box)
✨ A clause has a subject and a verb.
✨ Main clause → complete meaning.
✨ Subordinate clause → incomplete meaning.
✨ Noun clause acts as noun.
✨ Adjective clause describes a noun.
✨ Adverb clause tells time, reason, or condition.
🏆 CERTIFICATE OF ACCURACY
✔ Clause definitions verified.
✔ All clause types correctly classified.
✔ Joining words properly used.
✔ Word order rechecked.
✔ No incomplete clause left as final sentence.
REPORTED SPEECH
🟦 REPORTED SPEECH
🔵💠 What is Reported Speech?
🌈 Definition: Reporting what someone has said without using exact words.
🎯 It changes direct speech into indirect speech.
✨ Direct: She said, “I am happy.”
✨ Indirect: She said that she was happy.
🟢💠 Basic Structure (Rule Formula)
👉 Reporting Verb + that + Subject + Verb
🔹 Direct → She said, “I like tea.”
🔹 Indirect → She said that she liked tea.
💡 Remove quotation marks and change pronouns & tense if needed.
🟣💠 Main Rules of Reported Speech
1️⃣ 📝 Change of Tense (Backshift Rule)
📌 If reporting verb is in past (said, told), change tense.
Present → Past
am/is → was
are → were
have/has → had
will → would
can → could
✨ She said, “I am tired.”
➡ She said that she was tired.
2️⃣ 👤 Change of Pronouns
📌 Pronoun changes according to subject and object.
“I” → he/she
“my” → his/her
“we” → they
✨ He said, “I like my school.”
➡ He said that he liked his school.
3️⃣ 🕒 Change of Time Words
now → then
today → that day
tomorrow → the next day
yesterday → the previous day
✨ She said, “I will come tomorrow.”
➡ She said that she would come the next day.
4️⃣ ❓ Questions in Reported Speech
📌 Remove question form.
📌 Use if/whether for yes/no questions.
✨ He said, “Are you ready?”
➡ He asked if I was ready.
✨ She said, “Where do you live?”
➡ She asked where I lived.
5️⃣ ⚠ Commands & Requests
📌 Use to + verb.
✨ He said, “Close the door.”
➡ He told me to close the door.
✨ She said, “Please help me.”
➡ She requested me to help her.
🔴💠 Precautions & Common Errors
⚠ Remove quotation marks in indirect speech.
⚠ Do not use question form in indirect questions.
❌ He asked where was I going.
✅ He asked where I was going.
⚠ Do not use “that” in reported questions.
⚠ Change tense only if reporting verb is in past.
⚠ Change time words properly (today → that day).
⚠ Use told + object, but said (without object).
❌ He said me that he was tired.
✅ He told me that he was tired.
🟡💠 Rapid Recall Table
📌 said → that
📌 asked → if/whether (yes/no)
📌 asked → wh-word (wh-questions)
📌 told → to + verb
📌 will → would
📌 can → could
📝 PRACTICE SECTION (Exam Pattern)
🟢 Set A — Change into Indirect Speech (12 Q)
1.She said, “I am happy.”
2.He said, “I like tea.”
3.She said, “I will come tomorrow.”
4.He said, “I have finished my work.”
5.She said, “We are playing.”
6.He said, “I can swim.”
7.She said, “I am going now.”
8.He said, “I saw him yesterday.”
9.She said, “I will help you.”
10.He said, “I do my homework.”
11.She said, “I was tired.”
12.He said, “I shall return soon.”
✔ Answers:
1.She said that she was happy.
2.He said that he liked tea.
3.She said that she would come the next day.
4.He said that he had finished his work.
5.She said that they were playing.
6.He said that he could swim.
7.She said that she was going then.
8.He said that he had seen him the previous day.
9.She said that she would help me.
10.He said that he did his homework.
11.She said that she had been tired.
12.He said that he would return soon.
🔵 Set B — Error Correction (10 Q)
1.He said me that he was tired. → told me
2.She said that I am happy. → was
3.He asked where was I going. → where I was going
4.She said that she will come. → would
5.He said that he has finished work. → had finished
6.She asked that where I lived. → asked where I lived
7.He told that he was busy. → said that
8.She said I am ready. → said that she was ready
9.He asked if was I happy. → if I was happy
10.She told me that she is tired. → was tired
🟣 Set C — MCQs (6 Q)
🔒 ❓ Q1. She said, “I am tired.”
🟢 1️⃣ She said that she is tired.
🔵 2️⃣ She said that she was tired.
🟡 3️⃣ She said she tired.
🟣 4️⃣ She told that she was tired.
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ She said that she was tired.
🔒 ❓ Q2. He said, “I will go.”
🟢 1️⃣ He said that he will go.
🔵 2️⃣ He said that he would go.
🟡 3️⃣ He told that he would go.
🟣 4️⃣ He said he go.
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ He said that he would go.
🔒 ❓ Q3. He said, “Are you ready?”
🟢 1️⃣ He asked if I was ready.
🔵 2️⃣ He asked was I ready.
🟡 3️⃣ He said if I was ready.
🟣 4️⃣ He told if I was ready.
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ He asked if I was ready.
🔒 ❓ Q4. She said, “Close the door.”
🟢 1️⃣ She said to close the door.
🔵 2️⃣ She told to close the door.
🟡 3️⃣ She told me to close the door.
🟣 4️⃣ She asked that close the door.
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ She told me to close the door.
🔒 ❓ Q5. He said, “Where do you live?”
🟢 1️⃣ He asked where I lived.
🔵 2️⃣ He asked where do I live.
🟡 3️⃣ He said where I lived.
🟣 4️⃣ He told where I lived.
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ He asked where I lived.
🔒 ❓ Q6. She said, “I can swim.”
🟢 1️⃣ She said that she can swim.
🔵 2️⃣ She said that she could swim.
🟡 3️⃣ She told that she could swim.
🟣 4️⃣ She asked that she could swim.
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ She said that she could swim.
🔴 Set D — Sentence Transformation (6 Q)
1.❌ He said me that he was busy.
✅ He told me that he was busy.
2.❌ She asked where was I going.
✅ She asked where I was going.
3.❌ He said that he will come.
✅ He said that he would come.
4.❌ She told that she was happy.
✅ She said that she was happy.
5.❌ He asked if was I ready.
✅ He asked if I was ready.
6.❌ She said that she can swim.
✅ She said that she could swim.
🌟 Final Summary (Quick Memory Box)
✨ Remove quotation marks.
✨ Change tense if reporting verb is past.
✨ Change pronouns correctly.
✨ Change time words properly.
✨ Use if/whether for yes/no questions.
✨ Use to + verb for commands.
🏆 CERTIFICATE OF ACCURACY
✔ Tense backshift rules verified.
✔ Pronoun and time-word changes rechecked.
✔ Question structure corrected properly.
✔ said/told usage verified.
✔ All answers double-checked for grammatical accuracy.
PARTS OF SPEECH
🟦 PARTS OF SPEECH
🔵💠 What are Parts of Speech?
🌈 Definition: Categories of words based on their function in a sentence.
🎯 They tell us how a word is used.
✨ Example: Riya runs fast.
(Riya → Noun, runs → Verb, fast → Adverb)
🟢💠 Basic Structure Reminder
👉 Sentence = Combination of different parts of speech
🔹 Noun + Verb
🔹 Noun + Verb + Object
🔹 Subject + Verb + Adverb
💡 Every sentence must have at least a noun/pronoun and a verb.
🟣💠 Types of Parts of Speech (with Examples)
1️⃣ 📝 Noun
📌 Names a person, place, animal, or thing.
✨ boy, Delhi, dog, book
2️⃣ 🔄 Pronoun
📌 Used in place of a noun.
✨ he, she, it, they
3️⃣ ⚡ Verb
📌 Shows action or state of being.
✨ run, eat, is, are
4️⃣ 🎨 Adjective
📌 Describes a noun.
✨ tall boy, red flower
5️⃣ 🚀 Adverb
📌 Describes a verb, adjective, or adverb.
✨ runs fast, very tall
6️⃣ 🔗 Preposition
📌 Shows relation of a noun with other words.
✨ in, on, under, between
7️⃣ 🤝 Conjunction
📌 Joins words or sentences.
✨ and, but, because
8️⃣ 😲 Interjection
📌 Shows sudden feeling or emotion.
✨ Oh!, Wow!, Alas!
🔴💠 Precautions & Common Errors
⚠ Every sentence must have a verb.
❌ She happy.
✅ She is happy.
⚠ Do not confuse adjective and adverb.
❌ She sings beautiful.
✅ She sings beautifully.
⚠ Use correct pronoun for noun.
❌ Riya said he is ready.
✅ Riya said she is ready.
⚠ Prepositions must match correctly.
❌ He is married with her.
✅ He is married to her.
⚠ Interjections are followed by an exclamation mark.
✨ Wow! That is amazing.
🟡💠 Rapid Recall Table
📌 Noun → name
📌 Pronoun → replaces noun
📌 Verb → action/state
📌 Adjective → describes noun
📌 Adverb → describes verb
📌 Preposition → shows relation
📌 Conjunction → joins
📌 Interjection → emotion
📝 PRACTICE SECTION (Exam Pattern)
🟢 Set A — Identify the Part of Speech (12 Q)
1.Riya plays cricket. (Riya)
2.She is very happy. (very)
3.He ran quickly. (quickly)
4.The cat is under the table. (under)
5.Ram and Shyam are friends. (and)
6.Wow! That was amazing. (Wow)
7.The tall boy won the race. (tall)
8.They are playing outside. (outside)
9.This book is interesting. (book)
10.She sang beautifully. (beautifully)
11.He gave me a pen. (gave)
12.Although it rained, we played. (Although)
✔ Answers:
1.Noun
2.Adverb
3.Adverb
4.Preposition
5.Conjunction
6.Interjection
7.Adjective
8.Adverb
9.Noun
10.Adverb
11.Verb
12.Conjunction
🔵 Set B — Error Correction (10 Q)
1.She sing sweet. → sings sweetly
2.He is a honesty boy. → an honest boy
3.She runs quick. → quickly
4.Ram said she is ready. → he is ready
5.He is married with her. → married to her
6.She happy. → She is happy.
7.Wow that is great. → Wow! that is great.
8.He do not like tea. → does not like
9.They was playing. → were playing
10.She is more taller. → taller
🟣 Set C — MCQs (6 Q)
🔒 ❓ Q1. Identify the noun.
🟢 1️⃣ runs
🔵 2️⃣ quickly
🟡 3️⃣ school
🟣 4️⃣ very
✔ Answer: 🟡 3️⃣ school
🔒 ❓ Q2. Identify the verb.
🟢 1️⃣ happy
🔵 2️⃣ play
🟡 3️⃣ tall
🟣 4️⃣ very
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ play
🔒 ❓ Q3. Identify the adjective.
🟢 1️⃣ quickly
🔵 2️⃣ tall
🟡 3️⃣ and
🟣 4️⃣ under
✔ Answer: 🔵 2️⃣ tall
🔒 ❓ Q4. Identify the conjunction.
🟢 1️⃣ because
🔵 2️⃣ slowly
🟡 3️⃣ dog
🟣 4️⃣ under
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ because
🔒 ❓ Q5. Identify the preposition.
🟢 1️⃣ between
🔵 2️⃣ fast
🟡 3️⃣ happy
🟣 4️⃣ run
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ between
🔒 ❓ Q6. Identify the interjection.
🟢 1️⃣ Wow
🔵 2️⃣ book
🟡 3️⃣ tall
🟣 4️⃣ run
✔ Answer: 🟢 1️⃣ Wow
🔴 Set D — Sentence Transformation (6 Q)
1.❌ She sing sweet.
✅ She sings sweetly.
2.❌ He do not like milk.
✅ He does not like milk.
3.❌ She is more taller.
✅ She is taller.
4.❌ Ram said she is ready.
✅ Ram said he is ready.
5.❌ He is married with her.
✅ He is married to her.
6.❌ Wow that is great.
✅ Wow! That is great.
🌟 Final Summary (Quick Memory Box)
✨ There are eight main parts of speech.
✨ Every sentence must contain a verb.
✨ Adjectives describe nouns.
✨ Adverbs describe verbs/adjectives.
✨ Conjunctions join words or clauses.
✨ Interjections show emotions.