Class 11 : Biology (In English) – Lesson 13: Plant Growth and Development
EXPLANATION & SUMMARY
🌱✨ Introduction
🧠 Growth is a permanent, irreversible increase in size, weight, or volume of an organism.
🌿 In plants, growth is localized, continuous, and influenced by internal and external factors.
📘 Development refers to the progressive changes in an organism from germination to senescence, including differentiation and maturation.
💡 Concept:
Growth = Quantitative increase
Development = Qualitative improvement
Both are interlinked and regulated by hormones and environment.
🌾 Characteristics of Plant Growth
1️⃣ Irreversible ➤ Once grown, cannot return to original size
2️⃣ Permanent ➤ Long-lasting increase
3️⃣ Localized ➤ Occurs in meristematic tissues
4️⃣ Indeterminate ➤ Continues throughout life
5️⃣ Cellular basis ➤ Involves cell division, enlargement, and differentiation
✏️ Note: In animals, growth is determinate; in plants, it is indeterminate.
🌿 Phases of Growth
🧬 Plant growth occurs in three sequential phases:
1️⃣ Meristematic Phase (Zone of Cell Division)
📍 Found in root and shoot tips
🧠 Cells: small, dense cytoplasm, active mitosis
2️⃣ Elongation Phase
📍 Just behind meristem
🧬 Cells enlarge due to vacuole formation, cell wall loosening
3️⃣ Maturation Phase
📍 Cells differentiate to form specific tissues
🌾 Becomes permanent tissue
💡 Concept: Growth = cumulative effect of cell division + elongation + differentiation.
🌸 Growth Curves
🌀 Sigmoid (S-shaped) curve — represents typical growth pattern.
Phases:
1️⃣ Lag Phase – slow start
2️⃣ Log Phase – rapid exponential growth
3️⃣ Stationary Phase – growth slows due to limitations
⚡ Mathematical expression:
W₁ = W₀ e^(rt)
where W₀ = initial size, W₁ = final size, r = growth rate, t = time
✏️ Note: Exponential growth observed in young tissues.
🌾 Conditions for Growth
🧠 Growth requires:
Nutrients (C, N, P, K)
Water (for turgidity, enzymatic reactions)
Oxygen (respiration for ATP)
Temperature (optimum range 25–35°C)
Light (for photosynthesis and hormones)
💡 Concept: External conditions affect internal physiology and hormone action.
🌿 Differentiation, Dedifferentiation, Redifferentiation
🧩 Differentiation
➡️ Process by which meristematic cells become specialized (e.g., xylem, phloem).
🔄 Dedifferentiation
➡️ Permanent cells regain meristematic ability (e.g., interfascicular cambium).
🔁 Redifferentiation
➡️ Dedifferentiated cells become specialized again (e.g., secondary xylem).
💡 Concept: These processes ensure plant’s regenerative ability.
🌱 Development
🧬 Development = Growth + Differentiation + Maturation
🎯 Involves cell expansion, specialization, organ formation, senescence.
📘 Controlled by genetic and environmental factors through hormonal regulation.
🌸 Plant Growth Regulators (Phytohormones)
🧠 Organic substances produced in trace amounts that regulate physiological processes.
1️⃣ Auxins (Discovered by F.W. Went)
🌿 Synthesized in shoot tips and young leaves
📘 Functions:
Cell elongation
Apical dominance
Root initiation
Delays abscission
Used in weed control, parthenocarpy
💡 Examples: IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4-D
2️⃣ Gibberellins (GAs)
🌾 Found in young leaves, seeds
📘 Functions:
Stem elongation
Breaking seed dormancy
Bolting in rosette plants
Promotes flowering
Mobilizes nutrients during germination
✏️ Example: GA₃ (from Gibberella fujikuroi)
3️⃣ Cytokinins
🌿 Produced in root apices
📘 Functions:
Promotes cell division
Delays senescence
Promotes shoot formation in tissue culture
Antagonistic to auxin in apical dominance
💡 Examples: Kinetin, Zeatin
4️⃣ Abscisic Acid (ABA)
🌾 Stress hormone
📘 Functions:
Induces dormancy
Abscission of leaves & fruits
Stomatal closure
Inhibits growth
💡 Works opposite to gibberellins.
5️⃣ Ethylene
💨 Gaseous hormone
📘 Functions:
Fruit ripening
Senescence
Epinasty and abscission
Triple response (inhibition of elongation, swelling, horizontal growth)
💡 Used in artificial ripening of fruits.
🌿 Photoperiodism
🧠 The response of plants to the relative lengths of day and night.
💡 Controls flowering time and reproductive growth.
🌸 Types:
1️⃣ Short Day Plants – Flower when day < critical length (e.g., rice)
2️⃣ Long Day Plants – Flower when day > critical length (e.g., wheat)
3️⃣ Day Neutral Plants – Unaffected by day length (e.g., tomato)
📘 Pigment involved: Phytochrome (two forms — Pr & Pfr)
✏️ Note: Light quality and duration regulate hormone production.
🌾 Vernalization
🌱 Process of inducing flowering by exposure to low temperature.
🧠 Common in temperate plants (e.g., wheat, cabbage).
⚙️ Ensures flowering in favorable season.
💡 Devernalization: Reverse effect by high temperature.
🌸 Seed Dormancy
🧬 Period during which seed fails to germinate despite favorable conditions.
📘 Causes:
Hard seed coat
Immature embryo
Growth inhibitors (ABA)
🪴 Breaking dormancy:
Scarification, stratification, gibberellin treatment.
✏️ Note: Dormancy ensures survival during adverse conditions.
🌿 Senescence
🧠 Aging process in plants involving metabolic decline.
⚙️ Leads to leaf fall, fruit ripening, death of parts.
💡 Controlled by hormones (ABA ↑, cytokinin ↓).
🌾 Abscission
🌸 Detachment of organs (leaves, fruits, flowers).
📘 Occurs in abscission zone at base.
💡 Hormones: Auxin ↓, Ethylene ↑
🌿 Helps plant shed unwanted or old parts.
🌍 Factors Affecting Growth and Development
1️⃣ Internal: Hormones, genes, metabolism
2️⃣ External: Light, temperature, water, nutrients
💡 Growth is a result of coordination between these factors.
🌸 Differentiation of Growth
🧠 Primary Growth: By apical meristem → length
🌿 Secondary Growth: By lateral meristems → girth
✏️ Seen in dicots; monocots lack secondary growth.
🌾 Growth Measurements
📘 Methods:
Absolute growth rate (increase per unit time)
Relative growth rate (increase relative to initial size)
🧪 Auxanometer used for measuring growth.
🌍 Why This Lesson Matters
🌿 Explains how plants grow, mature, and adapt
🧠 Basis for crop improvement and horticulture
⚡ Links physiology with agriculture
🌱 Helps in hormone-based regulation of flowering, fruiting, and yield
📝 Quick Recap
🧠 Growth = irreversible increase; Development = qualitative change
🌱 Phases: meristematic → elongation → maturation
🌀 Sigmoid curve: lag, log, stationary
⚙️ Differentiation, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation
💡 Hormones: Auxin, GA, Cytokinin, ABA, Ethylene
🌸 Photoperiodism & Vernalization regulate flowering
🌾 Dormancy, Senescence, Abscission = aging processes
🌍 Growth affected by internal & external factors
📘 Summary
Plant growth and development involve quantitative and qualitative changes, regulated by hormones and environment. Growth shows sigmoid curve with distinct phases. Processes like differentiation and redifferentiation produce diverse tissues. Phytohormones coordinate activities — auxins promote elongation, gibberellins induce bolting, cytokinins trigger division, ABA causes dormancy, ethylene ripens fruits. Photoperiodism and vernalization ensure flowering under suitable conditions. Growth measurement and regulation underpin agricultural practices, ensuring productivity and adaptation.
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QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK
🔵 Question 1. Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Growth:
Irreversible permanent increase in size, volume, or number of cells.
🌱 Differentiation:
Process by which cells become structurally and functionally specialized.
🌸 Development:
Sum total of growth, differentiation, and maturation forming the final structure.
🌿 Dedifferentiation:
Process by which mature cells regain capacity to divide (e.g., formation of interfascicular cambium).
🌸 Redifferentiation:
Process by which dedifferentiated cells again become specialized (e.g., formation of secondary xylem).
🌿 Determinate growth:
Growth which stops after reaching a certain size or maturity (e.g., leaves, flowers).
🌱 Meristem:
Region of actively dividing cells (apical, intercalary, lateral).
🌸 Growth rate:
Increase in growth per unit time; can be arithmetic or geometric.
🔵 Question 2. Why is not any one parameter good enough to demonstrate growth throughout the life of a flowering plant?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Growth in plants is multidimensional — involves increase in length, area, volume, number of cells, and fresh/dry weight.
➡️ A single parameter cannot represent all aspects.
✔️ Hence, multiple parameters are used to measure total growth.
🔵 Question 3. Describe briefly:
🟢 Answer:
(a) 🌱 Arithmetic growth:
Growth rate constant.
One cell divides into two, one continues division.
📈 Linear increase: Lt = L₀ + rt
(b) 🌿 Geometric growth:
Rate proportional to current size.
📈 Exponential growth: Wt = W₀e^rt
(c) 🌸 Sigmoid growth curve:
Common in plants.
Three phases: Lag, log (exponential), stationary.
(d) 🌿 Absolute and relative growth rates:
Absolute growth: Total growth per unit time.
Relative growth: Growth per unit initial parameter per unit time.
🔵 Question 4. List five main groups of natural plant growth regulators. Write a note on discovery, physiological functions and agricultural/horticultural applications of any one of them.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Groups:
Auxins
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic acid
💡 Example — Auxin:
Discovery: F.W. Went (from Avena coleoptile tip).
Functions:
➡️ Cell elongation
➡️ Apical dominance
➡️ Root initiation
➡️ Inhibition of abscission
Applications:
🌾 Rooting powders, prevent fruit drop, promote parthenocarpy.
🔵 Question 5. Why is abscisic acid also known as stress hormone?
🟢 Answer:
🌸 Abscisic acid (ABA) induces stomatal closure during water stress,
inhibits growth, promotes dormancy, and enables tolerance under stress conditions (drought, cold).
✔️ Hence, called stress hormone.
🔵 Question 6. ‘Both growth and differentiation in higher plants are open’. Comment.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 In plants, meristems retain capacity for continuous division.
➡️ Growth and differentiation continue throughout life.
💡 Called open growth as new organs form repeatedly.
✔️ Example: Formation of leaves, flowers at different times.
🔵 Question 7. ‘Both a short day plant and a long day plant can produce can flower simultaneously in a given place’. Explain.
🟢 Answer:
🌸 Photoperiodism depends on duration of light and dark.
➡️ By controlling light period in artificial conditions (greenhouse), both can flower together.
✔️ Temperature and photoperiod management induce flowering simultaneously.
🔵 Question 8. Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to:
🟢 Answer:
(a) 🌿 Induce rooting in a twig: Auxin (IBA, NAA)
(b) 🌸 Quickly ripen a fruit: Ethylene
(c) 🌱 Delay leaf senescence: Cytokinin
(d) 🌿 Induce growth in axillary buds: Cytokinin
(e) 🌸 Bolt a rosette plant: Gibberellin
(f) 🌿 Induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves: Abscisic acid
🔵 Question 9. Would a defoliated plant respond to photoperiodic cycle? Why?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 No, defoliated plant will not respond.
💡 Reason: Leaves perceive photoperiodic stimulus; in absence, signal not transmitted to flowering regions.
✔️ Thus, flowering fails.
🔵 Question 10. What would be expected to happen if:
🟢 Answer:
(a) 🌸 GA₃ is applied to rice seedlings:
➡️ Causes excessive internode elongation (foolish seedling disease).
(b) 🌿 Dividing cells stop differentiating:
➡️ Plant growth and organ formation cease.
(c) 🌱 A rotten fruit gets mixed with unripe fruits:
➡️ Ethylene from rotten fruit induces ripening in others.
(d) 🌸 You forget to add cytokinin to culture medium:
➡️ Only roots form; no shoot initiation (cytokinin required for shoot formation).
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OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMS
(CBSE MODEL QUESTIONS PAPER)
ESPECIALLY MADE FROM THIS LESSON ONLY
🔴 Question 1:
Growth in plants is —
🔴1️⃣ Limited
🟢2️⃣ Indeterminate
🟡3️⃣ Seasonal
🔵4️⃣ Temporary
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Indeterminate
🔴 Question 2:
The study of growth and development in plants is called —
🔴1️⃣ Morphology
🟢2️⃣ Physiology
🟡3️⃣ Developmental biology
🔵4️⃣ Growth kinetics
🟢 Answer: 3️⃣ Developmental biology
🔴 Question 3:
Which phase of growth shows maximum rate?
🔴1️⃣ Lag phase
🟢2️⃣ Log phase
🟡3️⃣ Stationary phase
🔵4️⃣ Senescence
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Log phase
🔴 Question 4:
Which part of plant shows primary growth?
🔴1️⃣ Cambium
🟢2️⃣ Apical meristem
🟡3️⃣ Pericycle
🔵4️⃣ Cork cambium
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Apical meristem
🔴 Question 5:
Which of the following is a natural auxin?
🔴1️⃣ IAA
🟢2️⃣ NAA
🟡3️⃣ 2,4-D
🔵4️⃣ IBA
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣ IAA (Indole-3-Acetic Acid)
🔴 Question 6:
Which plant hormone promotes cell division?
🔴1️⃣ Auxin
🟢2️⃣ Cytokinin
🟡3️⃣ Gibberellin
🔵4️⃣ Ethylene
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Cytokinin
🔴 Question 7:
Which plant hormone helps in seed dormancy?
🔴1️⃣ Auxin
🟢2️⃣ ABA
🟡3️⃣ Gibberellin
🔵4️⃣ Cytokinin
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ ABA (Abscisic Acid)
🔴 Question 8:
Which hormone is known as the ripening hormone?
🔴1️⃣ Auxin
🟢2️⃣ Ethylene
🟡3️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵4️⃣ ABA
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Ethylene
🔴 Question 9:
Which plant hormone breaks seed dormancy?
🔴1️⃣ ABA
🟢2️⃣ GA₃
🟡3️⃣ Ethylene
🔵4️⃣ Cytokinin
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ GA₃ (Gibberellic Acid)
🔴 Question 10:
Which factor is essential for photoperiodism?
🔴1️⃣ Temperature
🟢2️⃣ Light duration
🟡3️⃣ CO₂
🔵4️⃣ Water
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Light duration ☀️
🔴 Question 11:
Define growth in plants.
🟢 Answer:
Irreversible permanent increase in size, volume, or number of cells in plants under favorable conditions 🌱.
🔴 Question 12:
Name three phases of growth.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Lag phase (slow growth)
2️⃣ Log phase (rapid growth)
3️⃣ Stationary phase (growth slows down) 📈
✅ End of Response 1 (Q1–Q12)
Proceed to Response 2 for Q13–Q22 (3-mark questions).
all questions and answers belongs to this lesson……..only and all answers are rechecked and found correct.
📘 Lesson: Plant Growth and Development — Code 3 — Response 2
(Class 11 Biology · NCERT 2025–26 Edition · Board-Style Paper Q13–Q22 · 3 Marks Each)
🔴 Question 13:
Describe the characteristics of plant growth.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Irreversible: Growth cannot be reversed.
2️⃣ Permanent: Increase in size or mass is lasting.
3️⃣ Quantitative: Measured in terms of length, area, volume, or cell number.
4️⃣ Occurs by cell division: Meristematic tissues actively divide.
5️⃣ Unlimited (indeterminate): Continues throughout life in certain organs. 🌱
🔴 Question 14:
What are the three phases of growth?
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Lag Phase: Initial slow growth due to adjustment.
2️⃣ Log Phase: Rapid exponential increase in size and cell number 📈.
3️⃣ Stationary Phase: Growth slows; metabolic equilibrium reached.
💡 Growth curve is typically sigmoid-shaped (S-shaped).
🔴 Question 15:
What is sigmoid growth curve? Explain its phases.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: S-shaped curve representing growth over time.
Phases:
1️⃣ Lag phase: Slow start.
2️⃣ Log phase: Rapid growth.
3️⃣ Stationary phase: Rate slows due to limitations.
Example: Elongation of plant organ. 🌿
🔴 Question 16:
Define differentiation, dedifferentiation, and redifferentiation.
🟢 Answer:
Differentiation: Cells become specialized (e.g., xylem vessels).
Dedifferentiation: Mature cells regain division ability (e.g., cork cambium).
Redifferentiation: Dedifferentiated cells specialize again for new functions. 🔄
🔴 Question 17:
What are plant growth regulators? Classify them.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Chemical substances regulating plant growth and development.
Types:
1️⃣ Promoters: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins.
2️⃣ Inhibitors: Abscisic Acid (ABA).
3️⃣ Ethylene: Shows both promoting and inhibiting effects. 🌿💧
🔴 Question 18:
Explain the functions of auxins.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Stimulate cell elongation in shoots.
2️⃣ Promote root initiation.
3️⃣ Apical dominance (inhibits lateral buds).
4️⃣ Delay abscission of leaves and fruits.
5️⃣ Used in parthenocarpy (seedless fruits). 🍌
🔴 Question 19:
Write functions of gibberellins.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Stimulate stem elongation and leaf growth.
2️⃣ Break seed dormancy 🌾.
3️⃣ Promote flowering in long-day plants.
4️⃣ Help in fruit development and bolting.
5️⃣ Used in malting industry.
🔴 Question 20:
State the functions of cytokinins.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Promote cell division.
2️⃣ Delay senescence of leaves 🍃.
3️⃣ Promote nutrient mobilization.
4️⃣ Overcome apical dominance.
5️⃣ Used in tissue culture to induce shoot formation.
🔴 Question 21:
Write the functions of abscisic acid (ABA).
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Induces seed dormancy 🌰.
2️⃣ Promotes abscission of leaves and fruits.
3️⃣ Closes stomata during water stress 💧.
4️⃣ Acts as growth inhibitor, opposing gibberellins.
🔴 Question 22:
Explain the role of ethylene in plants.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Promotes fruit ripening 🍎.
2️⃣ Enhances senescence and abscission.
3️⃣ Promotes flowering in pineapple.
4️⃣ Breaks seed and bud dormancy.
5️⃣ Triple response: Inhibits elongation, increases thickness, horizontal growth.
🔴 Question 23:
Explain the conditions necessary for growth in plants.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Water: Maintains turgor for cell expansion and acts as medium for biochemical reactions 💧.
2️⃣ Nutrients: Provide essential minerals like N, P, K for synthesis of biomolecules.
3️⃣ Temperature: Optimum range 25–35°C 🌡️; affects enzyme activity.
4️⃣ Light: Required for photosynthesis and influences photoperiodism ☀️.
5️⃣ Hormones: Regulate cell division, elongation, and differentiation (auxins, GAs, cytokinins).
✅ All factors together ensure proper plant growth and development.
🔴 Question 24:
Describe the role of plant hormones in seed dormancy and germination.
🟢 Answer:
Abscisic Acid (ABA):
– Induces and maintains seed dormancy 🌰.
– Prevents premature germination.
Gibberellins (GA₃):
– Break dormancy by stimulating enzyme synthesis.
– Mobilize food reserves from endosperm.
Ethylene:
– Helps in breaking dormancy in some seeds.
💡 Balance between ABA and GA controls dormancy and germination.
🔴 Question 25:
Explain photoperiodism and its significance.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Response of plants to duration of light and dark for flowering.
Types:
1️⃣ Short-day plants (e.g., rice) – need light period < critical length. 2️⃣ Long-day plants (e.g., wheat) – need light period > critical length.
3️⃣ Day-neutral plants (e.g., cucumber) – unaffected by light duration.
Significance:
✔️ Regulates flowering time 🌸
✔️ Ensures reproduction at favorable season
✔️ Basis for crop scheduling.
🔴 Question 26:
Describe vernalization and its importance.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Induction of flowering by exposure to low temperature ❄️.
Example: Wheat, barley, cabbage.
Site: Act on meristematic tissue of shoot apex.
Importance:
1️⃣ Enables early flowering.
2️⃣ Prevents premature bolting.
3️⃣ Helps in crop improvement and hybrid seed production.
💡 Vernalin hormone hypothesized to be involved.
🔴 Question 27:
Differentiate between growth, development, and differentiation.
🟢 Answer:
Feature Growth Development Differentiation
Meaning Irreversible increase in size Sum of all changes toward maturity Specialization of cells
Nature Quantitative Qualitative Qualitative
Example Increase in height 🌿 Formation of flower Xylem formation
Control Hormones, environment Hormones Gene expression
✅ All three are interrelated processes of plant life.
🔴 Question 28:
Explain the concept of growth rate and its measurement.
🟢 Answer:
Growth rate: Increase in growth per unit time.
Types:
1️⃣ Absolute Growth Rate (AGR):
AGR = (W₂ – W₁) / (t₂ – t₁)
2️⃣ Relative Growth Rate (RGR):
RGR = (ln W₂ – ln W₁) / (t₂ – t₁)
Graphical Representation: Sigmoid growth curve 📈 with lag, log, and stationary phases.
💡 Growth measured by length, area, weight, or cell number.
🔴 Question 29:
Describe apical dominance and its hormonal control.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Inhibition of lateral buds by apical bud.
Hormonal control:
– Auxin from apical bud suppresses lateral bud growth.
– Removal of apex → lateral buds grow (de-topping).
– Application of cytokinin promotes lateral growth.
💡 Explains pruning practices in horticulture 🌳.
🔴 Question 30:
Write short notes on senescence and abscission.
🟢 Answer:
Senescence:
– Natural ageing process in plants.
– Involves breakdown of chlorophyll, proteins.
– Controlled by ABA and ethylene.
– Ensures nutrient remobilization to seeds 🍂.
Abscission:
– Shedding of leaves, flowers, fruits.
– Occurs at abscission zone with enzymatic action.
– Controlled by auxin (prevents) and ethylene (promotes).
✅ Both are essential for plant life cycle and survival.
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NEET QUESTIONS FROM THIS LESSON
🔵 Q1. The plant hormone responsible for cell elongation is
🟡 A. Cytokinin
🟡 B. Auxin
🟡 C. Gibberellin
🟡 D. Ethylene
🟢 Answer: B. Auxin
📅 NEET 2018
🔵 Q2. Gibberellins promote
🟡 A. Seed dormancy
🟡 B. Leaf abscission
🟡 C. Stem elongation and bolting
🟡 D. Chlorophyll degradation
🟢 Answer: C. Stem elongation and bolting
📅 AIPMT 2013
🔵 Q3. Photoperiodism refers to
🟡 A. Movement in response to light
🟡 B. Effect of light/dark periods on flowering
🟡 C. Light-induced seed germination
🟡 D. Chlorophyll biosynthesis
🟢 Answer: B. Effect of light/dark periods on flowering
📅 NEET 2015
🔵 Q4. Vernalisation is
🟡 A. Acceleration of flowering by cold treatment
🟡 B. Delay of flowering by heat treatment
🟡 C. Seed germination under light
🟡 D. Breaking of seed dormancy by hormones
🟢 Answer: A. Acceleration of flowering by cold treatment
📅 AIPMT 2012
🔵 Q5. The hormone that promotes seed dormancy is
🟡 A. Gibberellin
🟡 B. Cytokinin
🟡 C. Auxin
🟡 D. Abscisic acid
🟢 Answer: D. Abscisic acid
📅 NEET 2017
🔵 Q6. The triple response of ethylene includes
🟡 A. Stem elongation, leaf fall, flowering
🟡 B. Inhibition of stem elongation, thickening, horizontal growth
🟡 C. Fruit development, senescence, abscission
🟡 D. Leaf opening, chlorophyll synthesis, growth promotion
🟢 Answer: B. Inhibition of stem elongation, thickening, horizontal growth
📅 AIPMT 2015
🔵 Q7. The site of perception of photoperiod in plants is
🟡 A. Shoot apex
🟡 B. Leaves
🟡 C. Roots
🟡 D. Flower buds
🟢 Answer: B. Leaves
📅 NEET 2014
🔵 Q8. Which hormone delays senescence and promotes nutrient mobilization?
🟡 A. Gibberellin
🟡 B. Auxin
🟡 C. Cytokinin
🟡 D. Ethylene
🟢 Answer: C. Cytokinin
📅 AIPMT 2011
🔵 Q9. Short-day plants flower when
🟡 A. Days are longer than critical length
🟡 B. Nights are longer than critical length
🟡 C. Days are shorter than critical length but nights are short
🟡 D. Nights are shorter than critical length
🟢 Answer: B. Nights are longer than critical length
📅 NEET 2019
🔵 Q10. The movement of plant shoots toward light is
🟡 A. Photoperiodism
🟡 B. Phototropism
🟡 C. Photomorphogenesis
🟡 D. Nyctinasty
🟢 Answer: B. Phototropism
📅 AIPMT 2010
🔵 Q11. Bolting in cabbage can be induced by
🟡 A. Cytokinin
🟡 B. Gibberellin
🟡 C. Ethylene
🟡 D. Auxin
🟢 Answer: B. Gibberellin
📅 NEET 2016
🔵 Q12. Which hormone promotes stomatal closure under water stress?
🟡 A. Auxin
🟡 B. Gibberellin
🟡 C. Abscisic acid
🟡 D. Cytokinin
🟢 Answer: C. Abscisic acid
📅 AIPMT 2014
🔵 Q13. The red light absorbing form of phytochrome is
🟡 A. Pᵣ
🟡 B. Pfr
🟡 C. RuBisCO
🟡 D. PEP carboxylase
🟢 Answer: A. Pᵣ
📅 NEET 2018
🔵 Q14. Apical dominance in plants is mainly controlled by
🟡 A. Gibberellins
🟡 B. Auxins
🟡 C. Cytokinins
🟡 D. Ethylene
🟢 Answer: B. Auxins
📅 AIPMT 2013
🔵 Q15. Which of these is a long-day plant?
🟡 A. Chrysanthemum
🟡 B. Dahlia
🟡 C. Spinach
🟡 D. Tobacco
🟢 Answer: C. Spinach
📅 NEET 2015
🔵 Q16. The major site of auxin production is
🟡 A. Root tip
🟡 B. Shoot tip
🟡 C. Mature leaves
🟡 D. Old xylem
🟢 Answer: B. Shoot tip
📅 AIPMT 2012
🔵 Q17. The photoreceptor for photoperiodism is
🟡 A. Carotenoid
🟡 B. Phytochrome
🟡 C. Chlorophyll
🟡 D. Xanthophyll
🟢 Answer: B. Phytochrome
📅 NEET 2019
🔵 Q18. Abscisic acid functions mainly as a
🟡 A. Growth promoter
🟡 B. Growth inhibitor
🟡 C. Flowering hormone
🟡 D. Fruit ripening hormone
🟢 Answer: B. Growth inhibitor
📅 AIPMT 2015
🔵 Q19. In short-day plants, interruption of dark period by light
🟡 A. Induces flowering
🟡 B. Inhibits flowering
🟡 C. Has no effect
🟡 D. Converts them to long-day plants
🟢 Answer: B. Inhibits flowering
📅 NEET 2017
🔵 Q20. The conversion of Pᵣ to Pfr in phytochrome occurs under
🟡 A. Far-red light
🟡 B. Blue light
🟡 C. Red light
🟡 D. Darkness
🟢 Answer: C. Red light
📅 AIPMT 2011
🔵 Q21. Ethylene is a
🟡 A. Gaseous plant hormone
🟡 B. Water-soluble vitamin
🟡 C. Growth inhibitor only
🟡 D. Growth promoter only
🟢 Answer: A. Gaseous plant hormone
📅 NEET 2020
🔵 Q22. The term “photoperiodism” was coined by
🟡 A. Garner and Allard
🟡 B. Calvin and Benson
🟡 C. Went and Thimann
🟡 D. Ruben and Kamen
🟢 Answer: A. Garner and Allard
📅 AIPMT 2010
🔵 Q23. Gibberellins can break
🟡 A. Seed dormancy
🟡 B. Phototropism
🟡 C. Photoperiodism
🟡 D. Bolting
🟢 Answer: A. Seed dormancy
📅 NEET 2016
🔵 Q24. The plant movement not related to stimulus direction is
🟡 A. Tropic movement
🟡 B. Nastic movement
🟡 C. Phototropism
🟡 D. Geotropism
🟢 Answer: B. Nastic movement
📅 AIPMT 2013
🔵 Q25. The ratio of auxin to cytokinin determines
🟡 A. Stomatal movement
🟡 B. Photoperiodism response
🟡 C. Root or shoot differentiation in tissue culture
🟡 D. Fruit ripening
🟢 Answer: C. Root or shoot differentiation in tissue culture
📅 NEET 2018
🔵 Q26. Which hormone is used to induce parthenocarpy in tomatoes?
🟡 A. Cytokinin
🟡 B. Auxin
🟡 C. Gibberellin
🟡 D. Abscisic acid
🟢 Answer: B. Auxin
📅 NEET 2017
🔵 Q27. The long-day plants flower when
🟡 A. Nights are longer than critical length
🟡 B. Days are longer than critical length
🟡 C. Days are shorter than critical length
🟡 D. Nights are shorter than critical length
🟢 Answer: B. Days are longer than critical length
📅 AIPMT 2013
🔵 Q28. Zeatin is
🟡 A. A type of auxin
🟡 B. A type of gibberellin
🟡 C. A natural cytokinin
🟡 D. A synthetic abscisic acid
🟢 Answer: C. A natural cytokinin
📅 NEET 2015
🔵 Q29. Florigen is believed to be produced in
🟡 A. Roots
🟡 B. Leaves
🟡 C. Flower buds
🟡 D. Shoot apex
🟢 Answer: B. Leaves
📅 AIPMT 2014
🔵 Q30. Which plant hormone is known as the “stress hormone”?
🟡 A. Gibberellin
🟡 B. Abscisic acid
🟡 C. Auxin
🟡 D. Ethylene
🟢 Answer: B. Abscisic acid
📅 NEET 2019
🔵 Q31. Which plant movement is direction-independent?
🟡 A. Phototropism
🟡 B. Geotropism
🟡 C. Nastic movement
🟡 D. Hydrotropism
🟢 Answer: C. Nastic movement
📅 AIPMT 2012
🔵 Q32. The plant hormone that promotes leaf abscission and senescence is
🟡 A. Auxin
🟡 B. Ethylene
🟡 C. Gibberellin
🟡 D. Cytokinin
🟢 Answer: B. Ethylene
📅 NEET 2018
🔵 Q33. Vernalisation is practiced in
🟡 A. Rice and wheat
🟡 B. Cabbage and sugar beet
🟡 C. Pea and beans
🟡 D. Groundnut and maize
🟢 Answer: B. Cabbage and sugar beet
📅 AIPMT 2015
🔵 Q34. Which hormone is used in the malting process of barley?
🟡 A. Auxin
🟡 B. Gibberellin
🟡 C. Cytokinin
🟡 D. Ethylene
🟢 Answer: B. Gibberellin
📅 NEET 2016
🔵 Q35. The hormone responsible for fruit ripening is
🟡 A. Gibberellin
🟡 B. Cytokinin
🟡 C. Ethylene
🟡 D. Auxin
🟢 Answer: C. Ethylene
📅 AIPMT 2010
🔵 Q36. The conversion of Pfr to Pᵣ occurs in
🟡 A. Red light
🟡 B. Blue light
🟡 C. Far-red light
🟡 D. Darkness
🟢 Answer: C. Far-red light
📅 NEET 2017
🔵 Q37. In tissue culture, high cytokinin and low auxin ratio induces
🟡 A. Root formation
🟡 B. Shoot formation
🟡 C. Callus formation only
🟡 D. Flower initiation
🟢 Answer: B. Shoot formation
📅 AIPMT 2011
🔵 Q38. Short-day plants are also called
🟡 A. Long-night plants
🟡 B. Day-neutral plants
🟡 C. Vernalised plants
🟡 D. Thermoperiodic plants
🟢 Answer: A. Long-night plants
📅 NEET 2015
🔵 Q39. Which hormone promotes femaleness in flowers?
🟡 A. Gibberellin
🟡 B. Auxin
🟡 C. Ethylene
🟡 D. Cytokinin
🟢 Answer: C. Ethylene
📅 AIPMT 2014
🔵 Q40. The primary receptor of light in photoperiodism is
🟡 A. Phytochrome
🟡 B. Carotenoid
🟡 C. Chlorophyll
🟡 D. Xanthophyll
🟢 Answer: A. Phytochrome
📅 NEET 2018
🔵 Q41. ABA induces seed dormancy by
🟡 A. Stimulating amylase synthesis
🟡 B. Inhibiting protein synthesis
🟡 C. Inhibiting germination processes
🟡 D. Promoting cell elongation
🟢 Answer: C. Inhibiting germination processes
📅 AIPMT 2013
🔵 Q42. Long-day plants flower when
🟡 A. Nights are longer than critical length
🟡 B. Days are longer than critical length
🟡 C. Days are shorter than critical length
🟡 D. Nights are shorter than critical length
🟢 Answer: B. Days are longer than critical length
📅 NEET 2016
🔵 Q43. The bioassay used for gibberellins is
🟡 A. Avena curvature test
🟡 B. Dwarf pea test
🟡 C. Split pea stem test
🟡 D. Root growth test
🟢 Answer: B. Dwarf pea test
📅 AIPMT 2015
🔵 Q44. The plant hormone discovered from the “Darwin experiment” on coleoptiles was
🟡 A. Gibberellin
🟡 B. Auxin
🟡 C. Ethylene
🟡 D. Cytokinin
🟢 Answer: B. Auxin
📅 NEET 2014
🔵 Q45. Cytokinins were first discovered in
🟡 A. Coconut milk
🟡 B. Autoclaved herring sperm DNA
🟡 C. Maize endosperm
🟡 D. Dwarf pea shoots
🟢 Answer: B. Autoclaved herring sperm DNA
📅 AIPMT 2012
🔵 Q46. The term “vernalisation” was first used by
🟡 A. Garner
🟡 B. Lysenko
🟡 C. Went
🟡 D. Darwin
🟢 Answer: B. Lysenko
📅 NEET 2017
🔵 Q47. Auxins promote rooting in stem cuttings because they
🟡 A. Induce cell elongation only
🟡 B. Induce root initiation
🟡 C. Promote leaf abscission
🟡 D. Delay senescence
🟢 Answer: B. Induce root initiation
📅 AIPMT 2010
🔵 Q48. The movement of plants in response to stimulus direction is called
🟡 A. Nastic movement
🟡 B. Tropic movement
🟡 C. Photonasty
🟡 D. Seismonasty
🟢 Answer: B. Tropic movement
📅 NEET 2018
🔵 Q49. The major site of cytokinin synthesis is
🟡 A. Leaves
🟡 B. Shoot apex
🟡 C. Root apex
🟡 D. Flower buds
🟢 Answer: C. Root apex
📅 AIPMT 2013
🔵 Q50. The hormone commonly used to delay senescence in storage organs is
🟡 A. Auxin
🟡 B. Gibberellin
🟡 C. Cytokinin
🟡 D. Ethylene
🟢 Answer: C. Cytokinin
📅 NEET 2019
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PRACTICE SETS FROM THIS LESSON
🔵 Question 1:
Growth in plants is:
🔴 1️⃣ Limited
🟢 2️⃣ Indeterminate
🟡 3️⃣ Determinate
🔵 4️⃣ Seasonal
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Indeterminate
🔵 Question 2:
Which plant part shows unlimited growth?
🔴 1️⃣ Leaf
🟢 2️⃣ Root and shoot tips
🟡 3️⃣ Flower
🔵 4️⃣ Fruit
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Root and shoot tips
🔵 Question 3:
The study of growth and development in plants is called:
🔴 1️⃣ Morphology
🟢 2️⃣ Phenology
🟡 3️⃣ Ontogeny
🔵 4️⃣ Anatomy
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Ontogeny
🔵 Question 4:
Growth curve of a plant is generally:
🔴 1️⃣ Linear
🟢 2️⃣ Sigmoid
🟡 3️⃣ Exponential
🔵 4️⃣ Step-wise
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Sigmoid
🔵 Question 5:
Which phase of growth curve shows maximum growth?
🔴 1️⃣ Lag phase
🟢 2️⃣ Log phase
🟡 3️⃣ Stationary phase
🔵 4️⃣ Decline phase
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Log phase
🔵 Question 6:
Primary growth occurs due to activity of:
🔴 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢 2️⃣ Lateral meristem
🟡 3️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🔵 4️⃣ Secondary xylem
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🔵 Question 7:
Secondary growth occurs due to:
🔴 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢 2️⃣ Lateral meristem
🟡 3️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🔵 4️⃣ Cambium only
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Lateral meristem
🔵 Question 8:
Increase in surface area of leaf is due to:
🔴 1️⃣ Cell division
🟢 2️⃣ Cell elongation
🟡 3️⃣ Cell enlargement
🔵 4️⃣ Both 2 and 3
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ Both 2 and 3
🔵 Question 9:
Growth can be measured in terms of:
🔴 1️⃣ Weight
🟢 2️⃣ Length
🟡 3️⃣ Volume
🔵 4️⃣ All of these
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ All of these
🔵 Question 10:
Which instrument measures growth in length?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxanometer
🟢 2️⃣ Psychrometer
🟡 3️⃣ Potometer
🔵 4️⃣ Hygrometer
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Auxanometer
🔵 Question 11:
Which of the following is a plant growth regulator?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Ethylene
🟡 3️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵 4️⃣ All of these
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ All of these
🔵 Question 12:
IAA is a type of:
🔴 1️⃣ Cytokinin
🟢 2️⃣ Auxin
🟡 3️⃣ Gibberellin
🔵 4️⃣ Inhibitor
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Auxin
🔵 Question 13:
Which of the following promotes apical dominance?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Cytokinin
🟡 3️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Auxin
🔵 Question 14:
Which hormone is used in weed control?
🔴 1️⃣ 2,4-D
🟢 2️⃣ GA₃
🟡 3️⃣ IAA
🔵 4️⃣ Cytokinin
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ 2,4-D
🔵 Question 15:
Bolting in rosette plants is caused by:
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🟡 3️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🔵 Question 16:
Which hormone promotes seed germination?
🔴 1️⃣ Cytokinin
🟢 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🟡 3️⃣ ABA
🔵 4️⃣ Ethylene
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🔵 Question 17:
Which hormone delays senescence?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Cytokinin
🟡 3️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵 Question 18:
Which hormone is known as the stress hormone?
🔴 1️⃣ ABA
🟢 2️⃣ GA₃
🟡 3️⃣ IAA
🔵 4️⃣ Cytokinin
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ ABA
🔵 Question 19:
Which hormone induces dormancy in seeds?
🔴 1️⃣ GA
🟢 2️⃣ ABA
🟡 3️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵 4️⃣ Auxin
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ ABA
🔵 Question 20:
Which hormone is gaseous in nature?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Ethylene
🟡 3️⃣ GA
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 Question 21:
Which hormone promotes fruit ripening?
🔴 1️⃣ Ethylene
🟢 2️⃣ Auxin
🟡 3️⃣ ABA
🔵 4️⃣ GA
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 Question 22:
Which hormone induces flowering in pineapple?
🔴 1️⃣ Cytokinin
🟢 2️⃣ Ethylene
🟡 3️⃣ GA
🔵 4️⃣ Auxin
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 Question 23:
Photoperiodism is the response to:
🔴 1️⃣ Temperature
🟢 2️⃣ Light duration
🟡 3️⃣ Water
🔵 4️⃣ Nutrients
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Light duration
🔵 Question 24:
The site of perception of light/dark duration is:
🔴 1️⃣ Leaf
🟢 2️⃣ Stem
🟡 3️⃣ Root
🔵 4️⃣ Flower
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Leaf
🔵 Question 25:
Which pigment is responsible for photoperiodic response?
🔴 1️⃣ Chlorophyll
🟢 2️⃣ Phytochrome
🟡 3️⃣ Carotenoid
🔵 4️⃣ Xanthophyll
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Phytochrome
🔵 Question 26:
Which of the following is a short day plant?
🔴 1️⃣ Wheat
🟢 2️⃣ Rice
🟡 3️⃣ Maize
🔵 4️⃣ Barley
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Rice
🔵 Question 27:
Which of the following is a long day plant?
🔴 1️⃣ Rice
🟢 2️⃣ Wheat
🟡 3️⃣ Soybean
🔵 4️⃣ Tobacco
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Wheat
🔵 Question 28:
Which of the following is a day-neutral plant?
🔴 1️⃣ Tomato
🟢 2️⃣ Wheat
🟡 3️⃣ Rice
🔵 4️⃣ Soybean
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Tomato
🔵 Question 29:
Vernalization is effective in:
🔴 1️⃣ Tropical plants
🟢 2️⃣ Temperate plants
🟡 3️⃣ Desert plants
🔵 4️⃣ Aquatic plants
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Temperate plants
🔵 Question 30:
Vernalization prevents:
🔴 1️⃣ Germination
🟢 2️⃣ Premature flowering
🟡 3️⃣ Leaf fall
🔵 4️⃣ Senescence
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Premature flowering
🔵 Question 31:
Site of perception of cold during vernalization is:
🔴 1️⃣ Flower
🟢 2️⃣ Shoot apex
🟡 3️⃣ Root
🔵 4️⃣ Leaf
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Shoot apex
🔵 Question 32:
The hormone responsible for breaking seed dormancy is:
🔴 1️⃣ ABA
🟢 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🟡 3️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵 4️⃣ Ethylene
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🔵 Question 33:
The hormone that promotes abscission is:
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Ethylene
🟡 3️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵 4️⃣ GA
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 Question 34:
Which hormone promotes femaleness in cucumber?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Ethylene
🟡 3️⃣ GA
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 Question 35:
Which hormone promotes maleness in plants?
🔴 1️⃣ Cytokinin
🟢 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🟡 3️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Gibberellin
🔵 Question 36:
Which hormone induces parthenocarpy?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ GA
🟡 3️⃣ Both 1 and 2
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Both 1 and 2
🔵 Question 37:
Triple response is caused by:
🔴 1️⃣ GA
🟢 2️⃣ Ethylene
🟡 3️⃣ Cytokinin
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Ethylene
🔵 Question 38:
The process of fruit formation without fertilization is called:
🔴 1️⃣ Apomixis
🟢 2️⃣ Parthenocarpy
🟡 3️⃣ Polyembryony
🔵 4️⃣ Vivipary
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Parthenocarpy
🔵 Question 39:
ABA promotes:
🔴 1️⃣ Stomatal opening
🟢 2️⃣ Stomatal closure
🟡 3️⃣ Cell division
🔵 4️⃣ Seed germination
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Stomatal closure
🔵 Question 40:
Which is not a natural plant hormone?
🔴 1️⃣ IAA
🟢 2️⃣ Zeatin
🟡 3️⃣ NAA
🔵 4️⃣ Ethylene
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ NAA
🔵 Question 41:
Which one is synthetic auxin?
🔴 1️⃣ IAA
🟢 2️⃣ IBA
🟡 3️⃣ NAA
🔵 4️⃣ Zeatin
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ NAA
🔵 Question 42:
Which plant hormone is involved in geotropism?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ GA
🟡 3️⃣ ABA
🔵 4️⃣ Ethylene
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Auxin
🔵 Question 43:
Which growth phase shows maximum metabolic activity?
🔴 1️⃣ Lag
🟢 2️⃣ Log
🟡 3️⃣ Stationary
🔵 4️⃣ Decline
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Log
🔵 Question 44:
Growth that occurs in all directions equally is:
🔴 1️⃣ Apical
🟢 2️⃣ Diffuse
🟡 3️⃣ Uniform
🔵 4️⃣ Ectopic
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Diffuse
🔵 Question 45:
Which of the following is not a plant growth promoter?
🔴 1️⃣ Auxin
🟢 2️⃣ Cytokinin
🟡 3️⃣ GA
🔵 4️⃣ ABA
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ ABA
🔵 Question 46:
Growth is:
🔴 1️⃣ Irreversible increase in mass
🟢 2️⃣ Reversible process
🟡 3️⃣ Temporary
🔵 4️⃣ Non-measurable
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Irreversible increase in mass
🔵 Question 47:
Which is not a characteristic of growth?
🔴 1️⃣ Increase in dry weight
🟢 2️⃣ Increase in number of cells
🟡 3️⃣ Decrease in mass
🔵 4️⃣ Cell enlargement
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Decrease in mass
🔵 Question 48:
The logarithmic phase of growth is also called:
🔴 1️⃣ Slow phase
🟢 2️⃣ Exponential phase
🟡 3️⃣ Stationary phase
🔵 4️⃣ Lag phase
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Exponential phase
🔵 Question 49:
Which factor does not affect plant growth?
🔴 1️⃣ Temperature
🟢 2️⃣ Water
🟡 3️⃣ Light
🔵 4️⃣ Sound
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ Sound
🔵 Question 50:
Which is the correct sequence of growth phases?
🔴 1️⃣ Lag → Stationary → Log
🟢 2️⃣ Lag → Log → Stationary
🟡 3️⃣ Log → Lag → Stationary
🔵 4️⃣ Stationary → Lag → Log
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Lag → Log → Stationary
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MIND MAPS
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