Class 12 : Grography (English) – Lesson 14.Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
EXPLANATION & SUMMARY
🔵 Introduction
🧭 Planning is the process of formulating and implementing strategies to use resources efficiently for achieving development goals. In India, planning aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social welfare.
💡 Concept: Sustainable development ensures that the present needs are met without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
✏️ Note: Highlighted boxes and tables from NCERT are excluded as they are not for exams.
🟢 Need for Planning in India
📘 India’s vast population, uneven resource distribution, and regional disparities make planning essential.
✨ Key Reasons:
1️⃣ Balanced regional development.
2️⃣ Optimal resource use.
3️⃣ Poverty alleviation and employment generation.
4️⃣ Environmental conservation.
5️⃣ Infrastructure development and modernization.
🔴 Types of Planning
1️⃣ Sectoral Planning: Focuses on one sector, e.g., agriculture, industry, energy.
2️⃣ Regional Planning: Focuses on overall development of a particular region considering all sectors.
💡 Example: Drought-prone area programmes, hill area development programmes.
🟡 Regional Imbalance in Development
⚠️ India faces significant disparities in income, employment, literacy, and infrastructure.
📍 Developed regions: Western Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab.
📍 Backward regions: Eastern U.P., Bihar, Odisha, Rajasthan interior.
📘 Planning aims to reduce these imbalances through focused schemes.
🧠 Case Study: Hill Area Development Programme
📘 Launched: 1972–73 (Fifth Plan)
🌄 Objective: Promote sustainable use of land and water in hill areas.
📍 Regions covered: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, North-Eastern Hills.
✨ Key activities:
Soil conservation
Afforestation
Horticulture
Road and tourism development
🌿 Case Study: Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)
📘 Launched: 1973 (Fifth Plan)
🏜️ Objective: Mitigate impact of drought, conserve resources, and improve productivity.
📍 Areas: Western Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
💧 Activities:
✔️ Watershed management
✔️ Water harvesting
✔️ Afforestation
✔️ Crop diversification
💡 Concept: Development should match regional ecological conditions.
🟢 Sustainable Development
🌱 Definition: Development meeting present needs without harming future generations.
⚙️ Pillars:
1️⃣ Economic growth
2️⃣ Social inclusion
3️⃣ Environmental protection
✨ Key Features:
✔️ Judicious use of resources
✔️ Focus on renewable energy
✔️ Pollution control
✔️ Community participation
🟡 Measures for Sustainable Development in India
1️⃣ Watershed management
2️⃣ Rainwater harvesting
3️⃣ Afforestation
4️⃣ Renewable energy promotion
5️⃣ Waste recycling
6️⃣ Environmental education
💡 Example: Chipko Movement – people’s participation for forest protection.
🔵 Role of Planning in Sustainable Development
🧭 Integrated planning combines economic, social, and environmental goals.
📘 Strategies:
✔️ Inclusive growth policies
✔️ Green technology adoption
✔️ Balanced regional plans
✔️ Local-level participation (Panchayati Raj institutions)
🧩 Challenges
⚠️ Overpopulation and resource pressure
⚠️ Poor implementation of policies
⚠️ Climate change impacts
⚠️ Urbanization and industrial pollution
🧠 Solution: Decentralized planning, strict environmental laws, and awareness campaigns.
🧭 Conclusion
✔️ Planning in India has shifted from purely economic to eco-social focus.
✔️ Sustainable development integrates environment and equity in the growth process.
✔️ Community-based initiatives are the backbone of future planning.
📘 Summary (≈300 words)
🔹 Planning is essential for balanced development, resource management, and poverty reduction.
🔹 India uses sectoral and regional approaches to address diverse challenges.
🔹 Programmes like Hill Area Development and DPAP target specific ecological and economic problems.
🔹 Sustainable development focuses on economic progress with environmental safety and social equality.
🔹 Key features include renewable energy use, pollution control, and public participation.
🔹 India’s initiatives—watershed management, rainwater harvesting, afforestation—support long-term sustainability.
🔹 Conclusion: Integrated planning and sustainable practices are crucial to secure the future of people and planet.
📝 Quick Recap
🌱 Planning: Organised development of economy & society
🌾 Types: Sectoral & Regional
🌄 Case Studies: Hill Area Programme, DPAP
⚡ Sustainability: Economy + Society + Environment
🧭 Strategies: Resource conservation, renewable energy, participation
✅ Goal: Balanced and eco-friendly development
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QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK
🔵 Question 1 (i): Regional planning relates to:
(a) Development of various sectors of economy.
(b) Area specific approach of development.
(c) Area differences in transportation network.
(d) Development of rural areas.
🟢 Answer: (b) Area specific approach of development.
🔵 Question 1 (ii): ITDP refers to which one of the following?
(a) Integrated Tourism Development Programme
(b) Integrated Travel Development Programme
(c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme
(d) Integrated Transport Development Programme
🟢 Answer: (c) Integrated Tribal Development Programme
🔵 Question 1 (iii): Which one of the following is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
(a) Agricultural development
(b) Eco-development
(c) Transport development
(d) Colonisation of land
🟢 Answer: (b) Eco-development
🔵 Question 2 (i): What are the social benefits of ITDP in the Bharmaur tribal region?
🟢 Answer:
✨ The Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP) has provided several social benefits in Bharmaur:
1️⃣ Improved education facilities increased literacy rates.
2️⃣ Better health care services reduced infant and maternal mortality.
3️⃣ Employment opportunities enhanced living standards.
4️⃣ Improved connectivity and infrastructure reduced isolation.
5️⃣ Strengthened community participation in local governance.
🔵 Question 2 (ii): Define the concept of sustainable development.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Sustainable development refers to the development which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
✔️ It emphasizes economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection together.
🔵 Question 2 (iii): What are the positive impacts of irrigation on Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
🟢 Answer:
💧 The Indira Gandhi Canal has transformed the desert areas of western Rajasthan:
1️⃣ Increased agricultural productivity and crop diversity.
2️⃣ Improvement in groundwater recharge and soil moisture.
3️⃣ Growth of settlements and infrastructure.
4️⃣ Socio-economic upliftment through better livelihoods.
5️⃣ Reduced desertification and enhanced greenery.
🔵 Question 3 (i): Write short notes on drought-prone area programme. How does this programme help in the development of dryland agriculture in India?
🟢 Answer:
🏜️ The Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) was launched in 1973 to minimize the impact of drought and improve living conditions in drought-prone areas.
✨ Key Features:
✔️ Focus on soil and water conservation.
✔️ Construction of check dams, contour bunds, and farm ponds.
✔️ Promotion of drought-resistant crops.
✔️ Afforestation and pasture development.
🌾 Impact:
It has enhanced agricultural productivity, improved water availability, and ensured livelihood security in dryland regions.
🔵 Question 3 (ii): Suggest the measures of promotion of sustainability in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
🟢 Answer:
🌱 To promote sustainability in the Indira Gandhi Canal region, the following measures are essential:
1️⃣ Adoption of eco-development and soil conservation methods.
2️⃣ Efficient water use through drip and sprinkler irrigation.
3️⃣ Prevention of waterlogging and salinisation.
4️⃣ Crop diversification towards less water-intensive crops.
5️⃣ Community participation in resource management.
6️⃣ Use of renewable energy and afforestation to maintain ecological balance.
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OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMS
🔷 Section A – MCQs (1 mark each)
🔵 Question 1: Regional planning relates to:
🔴 1️⃣ Development of various sectors of economy
🟢 2️⃣ Area specific approach of development
🟡 3️⃣ Area differences in transportation network
🔵 4️⃣ Development of rural areas
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣
🔵 Question 2: ITDP refers to:
🔴 1️⃣ Integrated Tourism Development Programme
🟢 2️⃣ Integrated Tribal Development Programme
🟡 3️⃣ Integrated Transport Development Programme
🔵 4️⃣ Integrated Travel Development Programme
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣
🔵 Question 3: Which is the most crucial factor for sustainable development in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area?
🔴 1️⃣ Eco-development
🟢 2️⃣ Agricultural development
🟡 3️⃣ Colonisation of land
🔵 4️⃣ Transport development
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 4: Which programme aims to uplift socio-economic conditions of tribal people?
🔴 1️⃣ ITDP
🟢 2️⃣ DPAP
🟡 3️⃣ IRDP
🔵 4️⃣ MNREGA
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 5: Sustainable development focuses on:
🔴 1️⃣ Economic growth only
🟢 2️⃣ Balance of economy, society and environment
🟡 3️⃣ Resource exploitation
🔵 4️⃣ Industrialisation
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣
🔵 Question 6: The main objective of regional planning is:
🔴 1️⃣ Growth of one region
🟢 2️⃣ Balanced regional development
🟡 3️⃣ Urbanisation
🔵 4️⃣ Industrialisation only
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣
🔵 Question 7: Drought Prone Area Programme was launched in:
🔴 1️⃣ 1973
🟢 2️⃣ 1980
🟡 3️⃣ 1990
🔵 4️⃣ 2000
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 8: Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area is located in:
🔴 1️⃣ Rajasthan
🟢 2️⃣ Gujarat
🟡 3️⃣ Punjab
🔵 4️⃣ Haryana
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 9: Which of the following is not a feature of sustainable development?
🔴 1️⃣ Conservation of resources
🟢 2️⃣ Inequitable distribution
🟡 3️⃣ Environmental protection
🔵 4️⃣ Intergenerational equity
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣
🔵 Question 10: Which plan focuses on eco-development?
🔴 1️⃣ ITDP
🟢 2️⃣ DPAP
🟡 3️⃣ IRDP
🔵 4️⃣ ICDP
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣
🔵 Question 11: Which is not an objective of ITDP?
🔴 1️⃣ Economic upliftment
🟢 2️⃣ Social isolation
🟡 3️⃣ Infrastructure development
🔵 4️⃣ Education improvement
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣
🔵 Question 12: Which is a major problem of Indira Gandhi Canal area?
🔴 1️⃣ Waterlogging
🟢 2️⃣ Urbanisation
🟡 3️⃣ Deforestation
🔵 4️⃣ Overgrazing
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 13: Which of the following describes sustainable development correctly?
🔴 1️⃣ Meeting present needs without harming future needs
🟢 2️⃣ Rapid industrialisation
🟡 3️⃣ Resource exploitation
🔵 4️⃣ Population control
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 14: Which programme is area-based?
🔴 1️⃣ ITDP
🟢 2️⃣ DPAP
🟡 3️⃣ Both 1 and 2
🔵 4️⃣ None
🟢 Answer: 3️⃣
🔵 Question 15: The concept of sustainable development was popularised by:
🔴 1️⃣ Brundtland Report
🟢 2️⃣ Rio Earth Summit
🟡 3️⃣ Kyoto Protocol
🔵 4️⃣ UNDP Report
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 16: Which type of planning reduces regional disparities?
🔴 1️⃣ Regional planning
🟢 2️⃣ Urban planning
🟡 3️⃣ Economic planning
🔵 4️⃣ Rural planning
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔵 Question 17: Which one is a social benefit of ITDP?
🔴 1️⃣ Literacy increase
🟢 2️⃣ Isolation
🟡 3️⃣ Decline in healthcare
🔵 4️⃣ Economic inequality
🟢 Answer: 1️⃣
🔷 Section B – Source-Based Questions (3 marks each)
🔵 Question 18:
Read the statement and answer:
“ITDP aims at holistic development of tribal regions.”
🟢 (a) State two main objectives of ITDP.
🟢 (b) Mention one example region.
🟢 (c) How does it ensure social upliftment?
🟢 Answer:
✳️ (a) Objectives: improving education, health, infrastructure, and livelihoods.
✳️ (b) Example: Bharmaur region of Himachal Pradesh.
✳️ (c) It provides education, employment, and connectivity reducing isolation.
🔵 Question 19:
Study this: “Sustainable development requires balance between economic growth and environment.”
🟢 (a) What is sustainable development?
🟢 (b) Mention one economic and one environmental objective.
🟢 (c) Why is it essential?
🟢 Answer:
✳️ (a) It means meeting present needs without harming future generations.
✳️ (b) Economic: employment; Environmental: conservation.
✳️ (c) Ensures long-term growth and ecological balance.
🔷 Section C – Short Answer (3 marks each)
🔵 Question 20: Define sustainable development and its importance.
🟢 Answer:
💡 Sustainable development is development that meets present needs without compromising future needs.
✨ Importance:
1️⃣ Ensures intergenerational equity.
2️⃣ Promotes balanced use of resources.
3️⃣ Maintains environmental quality.
🔵 Question 21: State three social benefits of ITDP in Bharmaur.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Improved education facilities.
2️⃣ Better healthcare services.
3️⃣ Enhanced infrastructure and employment.
🔵 Question 22: What are the major problems in Indira Gandhi Canal area?
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Waterlogging due to over-irrigation.
2️⃣ Salinisation of soils.
3️⃣ Uneven land use and ecological imbalance.
🔵 Question 23: Suggest three measures for sustainable development.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Use renewable energy.
2️⃣ Encourage afforestation.
3️⃣ Promote eco-friendly technologies.
🔷 Section D – Long Answer (5 marks each)
🔵 Question 24: ✳️ Explain the concept and importance of sustainable development in India.
🟢 Answer:
💡 Sustainable development refers to development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
✨ Key Features:
1️⃣ Intergenerational equity: Equal rights to resources for current and future generations.
2️⃣ Environmental protection: Rational use and conservation of resources.
3️⃣ Social inclusion: Equal opportunities for all.
4️⃣ Economic efficiency: Optimum use of resources for growth.
⚡ Importance in India:
✔️ Balances economic growth with ecological stability.
✔️ Prevents resource depletion in a growing population.
✔️ Supports poverty reduction through green jobs.
✔️ Ensures climate resilience and biodiversity conservation.
🔵 Question 25: ✳️ Describe the main objectives and outcomes of Integrated Tribal Development Programme (ITDP) in Bharmaur region.
🟢 Answer:
💡 Objectives:
1️⃣ Improve education and literacy levels among tribals.
2️⃣ Provide healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation.
3️⃣ Develop infrastructure—roads, schools, electricity.
4️⃣ Encourage employment and income generation.
✨ Outcomes in Bharmaur:
✔️ Literacy increased significantly.
✔️ Life expectancy improved due to better health.
✔️ Agricultural productivity rose with irrigation.
✔️ Reduced isolation by better connectivity.
🌿 Overall impact: Enhanced socio-economic conditions and inclusion in mainstream development.
🔵 Question 26: ✳️ Discuss the major issues and development measures in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area.
🟢 Answer:
⚡ Issues:
1️⃣ Waterlogging due to excessive irrigation.
2️⃣ Soil salinisation reducing fertility.
3️⃣ Unequal distribution of water among farmers.
4️⃣ Land degradation and ecological imbalance.
🌱 Development Measures:
✔️ Adoption of proper irrigation scheduling.
✔️ Construction of drainage channels.
✔️ Use of salt-tolerant crops.
✔️ Emphasis on afforestation and pasture development.
🧠 Goal: Achieve sustainable agriculture and balanced growth in the region.
🔵 Question 27: ✳️ Explain the significance of Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) in India.
🟢 Answer:
💡 Objective: Reduce the impact of drought and improve livelihood in arid regions.
✨ Significance:
1️⃣ Promotes soil and water conservation.
2️⃣ Encourages afforestation and pasture development.
3️⃣ Enhances irrigation and crop diversification.
4️⃣ Creates employment in rural areas.
5️⃣ Ensures sustainable agriculture in drought-prone zones.
✔️ Helps achieve regional balance and reduces rural poverty.
🔵 Question 28: ✳️ Suggest strategies for promoting sustainability in India’s regional planning.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Resource mapping and efficient utilisation.
2️⃣ Use of renewable energy sources.
3️⃣ Participatory planning involving local communities.
4️⃣ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) before projects.
5️⃣ Conservation of biodiversity and afforestation.
6️⃣ Waste management and recycling.
7️⃣ Focus on balanced regional development to reduce disparities.
🔷 Section E – Map-Based Questions (5 marks each)
🔵 Question 29: ✳️ On an outline map of India, locate and label:
🟢 (a) Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area
🟢 (b) Bharmaur Tribal Region
🟢 (c) Drought Prone Region (Rajasthan)
🟢 (d) Major ITDP Region
🟢 (e) Eco-development Region
🟢 Answer: Mark and label the given areas neatly on the India map.
🔵 Question 30: ✳️ On an outline map of India, mark any five areas showing major regional planning projects.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Chilka Lake Region – Eco-tourism
2️⃣ Bharmaur Region – ITDP
3️⃣ Indira Gandhi Canal – Irrigation project
4️⃣ Drought-Prone Areas – DPAP regions
5️⃣ Western Ghats – Sustainable development initiatives
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