Class 10 : Social Science (In English) – Lesson 19. Sectors of the Indian Economy
EXPLANATION & SUMMARY
🔵 Introduction
The Indian economy is diverse and dynamic. To study it, activities are grouped into sectors based on the nature of work and the role they play in development.
These sectors highlight how resources are produced, distributed, and utilised.
The chapter explores:
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary sectors (by activity).
Organised vs. Unorganised sectors (by work conditions).
Public vs. Private sectors (by ownership).
Understanding these distinctions helps us see imbalances in development and the need for government policies.
🟢 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sectors
🌿 Primary Sector
Involves natural resource extraction and production.
Examples: agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining.
Provides raw materials for other sectors.
⚡ Importance: employs many Indians but contributes less to GDP compared to services.
🏭 Secondary Sector
Known as the industrial sector.
Involves processing raw materials into finished goods.
Examples: textile mills, steel plants, bakeries, manufacturing industries.
⚡ Importance: promotes industrialisation, creates jobs, adds value to raw materials.
🏢 Tertiary Sector
Known as the service sector.
Provides supporting services for production and distribution.
Examples: transport, banking, healthcare, education, communication, IT.
⚡ Importance: fastest-growing sector in India, major contributor to GDP.
🔴 Historical Changes in Sectoral Contribution
In early stages, primary sector dominates (as in traditional economies).
With industrialisation, secondary sector rises.
In modern economies, the tertiary sector dominates GDP, though not always employment.
India:
🌿 Agriculture still employs ~45% but contributes less than 20% to GDP.
🏢 Services like IT, banking, and tourism dominate GDP but employ fewer workers.
🏭 Manufacturing remains crucial for balanced growth.
🟡 Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector in India
💡 Globalisation & IT boom: India’s IT and software services earned global recognition.
🧠 Urbanisation: Need for education, healthcare, transport, telecom.
🌍 Tourism & trade: Service-based foreign exchange growth.
⚡ Public services: Teachers, doctors, police, defence, and government officials sustain social development.
🔵 Employment Patterns and Issues
✔️ Disguised unemployment: Common in agriculture — more workers employed than needed.
🌿 Example: A family farm where 5 people work, but 3 could manage the work alone.
🧠 Shifting workers to secondary/tertiary sectors could increase productivity.
⚡ Employment challenges:
Agriculture: low productivity.
Industry: limited job creation.
Services: not accessible to all skill groups.
🟢 Organised and Unorganised Sectors
✔️ Organised Sector
Registered with government, follows rules and labour laws.
Workers have fixed wages, job security, paid leave, pensions.
Examples: government offices, banks, factories, schools.
⚡ Unorganised Sector
Small, scattered, not registered, few rules.
Workers have low wages, no security, long hours.
Examples: small shops, domestic workers, street vendors, farm labourers.
🌿 Majority of India’s workforce is still in the unorganised sector, facing exploitation.
🔴 Public and Private Sectors
🏢 Public Sector
Owned and controlled by the government.
Aim: social welfare, not just profit.
Examples: Indian Railways, ONGC, BSNL, government schools and hospitals.
💡 Role: ensures basic needs, reduces inequality, builds infrastructure.
🌿 Private Sector
Owned by individuals/companies.
Aim: profit-making.
Examples: Reliance Industries, Infosys, private banks, private schools.
💡 Role: promotes efficiency, competition, and innovation.
🟡 Role of Government in Employment and Production
✔️ Provide employment guarantee schemes like MGNREGA (100 days of wage work).
🌿 Invest in healthcare, education, transport, power supply.
⚡ Ensure fair wages and protect workers in unorganised sectors.
🧠 Promote balanced growth among all three sectors to avoid over-dependence on one.
🔵 Sustainable Development and Sectors
🌍 Primary sector activities like farming, mining, and fishing should be sustainable.
💡 Overuse of natural resources leads to long-term problems (soil erosion, deforestation, pollution).
⚡ Combining technology with sustainability is essential for future growth.
🟢 Conclusion
The Indian economy has progressed from being primarily agrarian to service-dominated, but employment distribution remains unbalanced. The challenge is to:
🌿 Improve productivity in agriculture.
🏭 Expand industry to create jobs.
🏢 Strengthen services while ensuring inclusivity.
⚡ Ensure government intervention for social security and balanced growth.
📝 Summary
🌿 Primary sector: farming, fishing, mining (resource-based).
🏭 Secondary sector: industries, factories, goods production.
🏢 Tertiary sector: services — banking, transport, IT, education, health.
⚡ India: services dominate GDP; agriculture employs most workers.
🧠 Problems: disguised unemployment, low productivity, inequality.
✔️ Organised vs unorganised: job security vs insecurity.
🌍 Public vs private: welfare vs profit motive.
💡 Government role: employment schemes, welfare, infrastructure, regulation.
📝 Quick Recap
🔵 3 sectors: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary.
🟢 GDP vs employment imbalance in India.
🔴 Organised vs unorganised sector divide.
🟡 Public vs private sector functions.
🌍 Govt. role in ensuring employment and equality.
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK
🔵 Question 1: Fill in the blanks using the correct option
(i) Employment in the service sector __ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not)
🟢 Answer: has not
(ii) Workers in the __ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural)
🟢 Answer: tertiary
(iii) Most of the workers in the __ sector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised)
🟢 Answer: organised
(iv) A __ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small)
🟢 Answer: large
(v) Cotton is a _ product and cloth is a _ product. (natural / manufactured)
🟢 Answer: natural; manufactured
(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are __. (independent / interdependent)
🟢 Answer: interdependent
🔵 Question 2 (a): The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
🟢 Answer: Ownership of enterprises (iii).
🔵 Question 2 (b): Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in __ sector.
🟢 Answer: Primary sector (i).
🔵 Question 2 (c): GDP is the total value of __ produced during a particular year.
🟢 Answer: All final goods and services (ii).
🔵 Question 2 (d): In terms of GVA the share of tertiary sector in 2017–18 is between __ per cent.
🟢 Answer: 50 to 60 per cent (iii).
🔵 Question 3: Match the following problems faced by farming sector with possible measures.
Unirrigated land → (d) Construction of canals by the government
Low prices for crops → (c) Procurement of food grains by government
Debt burden → (e) Banks to provide credit with low interest
No job in the off season → (a) Setting up agro-based mills
Compelled to sell grains to traders after harvest → (b) Cooperative marketing societies
🟢 Answer:
🌿 1 → d
🌿 2 → c
🌿 3 → e
🌿 4 → a
🌿 5 → b
🔵 Question 4: Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
🟢 Answer: Tourist guide → belongs to tertiary sector; others to secondary.
(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
🟢 Answer: Vegetable vendor → linked to primary sector; others provide services.
(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
🟢 Answer: Cobbler → belongs to unorganised sector; others to organised/public.
(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio
🟢 Answer: Jet Airways → private sector; others are public enterprises.
🔵 Question 5: A researcher studied Surat’s working population. Complete the table.
Place of Work Nature of Employment % Workers
Offices/factories with govt. Organised 15
Own shops/clinics with license Organised 15
Street, construction, domestic Unorganised 20
Small workshops (not registered) Unorganised 50
🟢 Answer: Percentage of workers in unorganised sector = 70% (20 + 50).
🔵 Question 6: Do you think classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Yes, classification helps understand the role of each activity.
⚡ Primary → provides raw materials.
🏭 Secondary → transforms raw materials into goods.
🏢 Tertiary → supports both through services like transport, banking, IT.
💡 It shows interdependence and helps identify imbalances in employment and GDP, guiding policy for balanced growth.
🔵 Question 7: For each sector why should one focus on employment and GVA?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Employment shows how many people depend on a sector for livelihood.
⚡ GVA (Gross Value Added) shows contribution to GDP.
🧠 For balanced development, both must be studied together.
💡 Example: Agriculture employs many but adds little to GDP → indicates disguised unemployment.
✔️ Thus, employment + GVA helps target reforms and policies.
🔵 Question 8: Make a long list of work adults around you do. How can you classify them?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Farming, fishing → Primary
🏭 Factory work, carpentry → Secondary
🏢 Teachers, doctors, shopkeepers, drivers → Tertiary
💡 Classification helps identify dependence on natural resources, industrial activity, or service provision.
⚡ Choice depends on whether work produces goods or provides services.
🔵 Question 9: How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with examples.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Primary and secondary sectors produce goods.
🏢 Tertiary sector provides services to support production and distribution.
💡 Examples:
Transporting farm produce (support to primary).
Banking and insurance for factories (support to secondary).
IT, education, healthcare, tourism — directly benefit society.
⚡ Thus, the tertiary sector does not produce goods but enables the smooth working of other sectors.
🔵 Question 10: What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Give examples from urban and rural areas.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Disguised unemployment = more workers employed than required, extra workers add no output.
🏡 Rural example: On a small farm, 5 members work but 3 could do the job → 2 are “disguisedly” unemployed.
🏙️ Urban example: A shop employs 6 helpers but actual work needs only 3 → rest are underemployed.
💡 Shows inefficiency of employment structure.
🔵 Question 11: Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
🟢 Answer:
⚡ Open unemployment: People are willing to work but cannot find jobs; visible in educated youth waiting for jobs.
🌿 Disguised unemployment: More workers employed than needed, extra ones contribute zero output; common in agriculture.
💡 Open = clearly jobless, disguised = hidden underemployment.
🔵 Question 12: “Tertiary sector is not playing a significant role in India’s development.” Do you agree? Give reasons.
🟢 Answer:
❌ Disagree.
⚡ Tertiary sector is India’s largest GDP contributor (~55%).
🌿 Includes essential services like transport, trade, IT, education, banking, communication.
💡 Globalisation + IT boom has given India an edge in services.
✔️ Though employment is lower, the sector drives growth, urbanisation, and exports.
🔵 Question 13: Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 One group: Highly skilled professionals (teachers, doctors, IT experts, lawyers) with high income and secure jobs.
🧱 Second group: Casual/low-skill workers (drivers, domestic helpers, vendors) with insecure, low-paid jobs.
💡 Shows inequality within the same sector.
🔵 Question 14: Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree? Give reasons.
🟢 Answer:
✔️ Agree.
🌿 Workers face long hours, low wages, no job security.
💡 No medical, pension, or paid leave benefits.
⚡ Exploitation due to lack of regulation and legal protection.
🧠 Hence, unorganised workers remain vulnerable.
🔵 Question 15: How are activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Organised sector: Jobs registered under government, with regular salaries, benefits, pensions, job security. Example: banks, schools, factories.
⚡ Unorganised sector: Jobs informal, irregular, low wages, no legal protection. Example: street vendors, farm labourers, domestic workers.
🔵 Question 16: Compare employment conditions in organised and unorganised sectors.
🟢 Answer:
🏢 Organised sector: Secure jobs, fixed working hours, fair wages, medical and retirement benefits, legal protection.
🌿 Unorganised sector: Low pay, long hours, no social security, job insecurity, no rule enforcement.
⚡ Organised = safe and regulated; unorganised = risky and exploitative.
🔵 Question 17: Explain the objective of implementing the MGNREGA 2005.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) was passed in 2005.
✔️ Objective: guarantee 100 days of wage employment to rural households each year.
💡 Focus on unskilled manual work → gives livelihood security.
⚡ Ensures minimum income, reduces disguised unemployment in agriculture.
🧠 It also promotes rural development by creating assets like roads, canals, ponds.
🔵 Question 18: Using examples from your area, compare and contrast activities of public and private sectors.
🟢 Answer:
🏢 Public Sector: Indian Railways, government hospitals — provide services at low cost for welfare, not profit.
🌿 Private Sector: Private schools, shops, industries — aim for profit but provide efficiency and innovation.
⚡ Public ensures equity, private promotes competition.
🧠 Both complement each other in economic growth.
🔵 Question 19: Fill the table with examples.
Sector Well Managed Badly Managed
Public Indian Railways, ISRO Some govt. hospitals with poor facilities
Private Infosys, Reliance Jio Small factories violating labour laws
🟢 Answer: Public = works for welfare but sometimes inefficient; Private = innovative but sometimes exploitative.
🔵 Question 20: Give a few examples of public sector activities. Why has the government taken them up?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Examples: Indian Railways, BSNL, ONGC, Public hospitals, schools.
✔️ Reasons:
Provide services at affordable cost.
Build infrastructure not attractive to private players.
Ensure equality and welfare for all citizens.
⚡ Government takes them up to promote inclusive growth and national development.
🔵 Question 21: Explain how the public sector contributes to economic development of a nation.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Provides infrastructure (roads, power, transport).
🏥 Ensures education, healthcare, sanitation for citizens.
💡 Reduces regional inequalities by investing in backward areas.
⚡ Creates employment directly and indirectly.
🧠 Strengthens industries, protects environment, ensures long-term growth.
🔵 Question 22: Workers in the unorganised sector need protection. Why? Explain with examples.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Issues: low wages, no job security, unsafe conditions, no pensions or health benefits.
👩 Example: Domestic helpers and farm workers often overworked without leave.
🧱 Construction workers face safety hazards with no compensation.
💡 Protection through laws, unions, and welfare schemes is essential to reduce exploitation.
🔵 Question 23: Study in Ahmedabad (1997–98) showed more income in organised sector. Present as a table and suggest how to generate more jobs.
Sector Workers (’000) Income (₹ million)
Organised 4000 32,000
Unorganised 11,000 28,000
🟢 Answer:
⚡ Income share in organised sector is far higher.
🌿 To generate jobs: promote small-scale industries, expand rural works, support services like IT, tourism, and agro-processing.
🧠 Govt. investment in infrastructure and skill training will also help.
🔵 Question 24: GVA table 2000 vs 2013.
(i) Calculate share in GDP:
2000: Primary = 40%, Secondary = 32%, Tertiary = 58% (approx).
2013: Primary = 25%, Secondary = 35%, Tertiary = 40% (approx).
(ii) Present as bar diagram → Primary fell, Secondary and Tertiary rose.
(iii) Conclusion:
🌿 Economy shifted from agriculture to industry & services.
⚡ Tertiary sector grew fastest, reflecting modernisation.
🧠 Shows structural transformation of Indian economy.
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMS
🔵 Question 1: Which of the following is a primary sector activity?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Banking
🟢 (B) Agriculture
🔴 (C) IT services
🟡 (D) Transport
🟢 Answer: (B) Agriculture — produces raw materials directly from nature.
🔵 Question 2: Manufacturing is classified under which sector?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Primary
🟢 (B) Secondary
🔴 (C) Tertiary
🟡 (D) Quaternary
🟢 Answer: (B) Secondary — converts raw materials into finished goods.
🔵 Question 3: Which of these is an example of tertiary sector activity?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Mining
🟢 (B) Transport
🔴 (C) Textile production
🟡 (D) Farming
🟢 Answer: (B) Transport — provides service, not goods.
🔵 Question 4: Which sector contributed the highest share to India’s GDP in 2017–18?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Primary
🟢 (B) Tertiary
🔴 (C) Secondary
🟡 (D) All equal
🟢 Answer: (B) Tertiary — more than 50% of GDP.
🔵 Question 5: Which sector provides the maximum employment in India?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Secondary
🟢 (B) Primary
🔴 (C) Tertiary
🟡 (D) Organised
🟢 Answer: (B) Primary — mainly agriculture.
🔵 Question 6: Cotton cloth is an example of which sector product?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Primary
🟢 (B) Secondary
🔴 (C) Tertiary
🟡 (D) Quinary
🟢 Answer: (B) Secondary — cotton (raw) → cloth (manufactured).
🔵 Question 7: Which Act guarantees 100 days of wage employment to rural households?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Factories Act
🟢 (B) MGNREGA 2005
🔴 (C) Right to Education Act
🟡 (D) Consumer Protection Act
🟢 Answer: (B) MGNREGA 2005 — rural employment guarantee.
🔵 Question 8: Which of the following is part of the unorganised sector?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Indian Railways
🟢 (B) Small roadside shop
🔴 (C) LIC
🟡 (D) Reserve Bank of India
🟢 Answer: (B) Small roadside shop — unregistered, irregular jobs.
🔵 Question 9: GDP refers to:
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) All goods and services produced
🟢 (B) Value of all final goods and services
🔴 (C) Only agricultural produce
🟡 (D) Only industrial goods
🟢 Answer: (B) Value of all final goods and services produced in a year.
🔵 Question 10: Which is a feature of the organised sector?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Irregular wages
🟢 (B) Fixed working hours
🔴 (C) No social security
🟡 (D) Seasonal employment
🟢 Answer: (B) Fixed working hours with benefits.
🔵 Question 11: Which of these is a public sector enterprise?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Reliance Industries
🟢 (B) ONGC
🔴 (C) Infosys
🟡 (D) Tata Steel
🟢 Answer: (B) ONGC — owned by the government.
🔵 Question 12: Which is the odd one out?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Teacher
🟢 (B) Doctor
🔴 (C) Farmer
🟡 (D) Lawyer
🟢 Answer: (C) Farmer — belongs to primary sector, others to tertiary.
🔵 Question 13: Which of these examples shows disguised unemployment?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) IT engineer jobless
🟢 (B) Five people on a farm where 3 are sufficient
🔴 (C) Factory lockout
🟡 (D) Teacher unemployed after retirement
🟢 Answer: (B) Five people on a farm where 3 are sufficient — extra workers add no output.
🔵 Question 14: Which is the main motive of private sector enterprises?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Social welfare
🟢 (B) Profit-making
🔴 (C) Equity
🟡 (D) Employment guarantee
🟢 Answer: (B) Profit-making.
🔵 Question 15: Which institution provides cheap credit to farmers?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Moneylenders
🟢 (B) Banks
🔴 (C) Traders
🟡 (D) Relatives
🟢 Answer: (B) Banks — formal sector credit.
🔵 Question 16: Which is an interdependent sector activity?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Mining iron ore
🟢 (B) Making steel from ore
🔴 (C) Transporting steel to markets
🟡 (D) All of the above
🟢 Answer: (D) All of the above — show interdependence of sectors.
🔵 Question 17: Which of these is NOT an unorganised sector worker?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Domestic servant
🟢 (B) Factory worker with PF benefits
🔴 (C) Street vendor
🟡 (D) Agricultural labourer
🟢 Answer: (B) Factory worker with PF benefits — belongs to organised sector.
🔵 Question 18: Which service is part of the tertiary sector?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Coal mining
🟢 (B) Banking
🔴 (C) Sugar production
🟡 (D) Wheat farming
🟢 Answer: (B) Banking — a key service activity.
🔵 Question 19: Which of the following is an unorganised private activity?
🟡 Options:
🔵 (A) Post office
🟢 (B) Indian Railways
🔴 (C) Street food stall
🟡 (D) LIC
🟢 Answer: (C) Street food stall — small-scale, no job security.
🔵 Question 20: Why is the primary sector called the agriculture and related sector?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 It depends directly on natural resources.
💡 Includes farming, forestry, fishing, mining — activities linked to nature.
⚡ Since agriculture dominates this sector, it is often called the agriculture and related sector.
🔵 Question 21: Give two examples of disguised unemployment.
🟢 Answer:
🏡 On a small farm, five members work though three can handle the work.
🏙️ A shop employs six helpers though only three are required.
✔️ Extra workers contribute nothing to output.
🔵 Question 22: Mention two features of the organised sector.
🟢 Answer:
✔️ Workers get fixed salaries, pensions, medical benefits, and job security.
🌿 Enterprises are registered with the government and follow labour laws.
🔵 Question 23: State two reasons why workers are exploited in the unorganised sector.
🟢 Answer:
⚡ No fixed wages, long working hours, no paid leave.
🌿 Lack of job security, safety, and social benefits.
SECTION C — Short Answer (3 marks each; ~60 words)
🔵 Question 24: How does the service sector help in development of the economy?
🟢 Answer:
🏢 Provides support services like banking, transport, IT, communication.
🌿 Creates jobs for educated workers.
⚡ Expands markets by connecting producers and consumers.
🧠 Plays key role in modernisation and global trade.
🔵 Question 25: Explain how public sector ensures social justice.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Provides basic needs: education, health, transport at low cost.
💡 Invests in backward areas to reduce inequality.
⚡ Creates employment and infrastructure where private sector avoids.
✔️ Promotes equity and welfare, not just profit.
🔵 Question 26: Differentiate between public and private sectors with examples.
🟢 Answer:
🏢 Public sector: Owned/managed by government. Example: Indian Railways, ONGC.
🌿 Private sector: Owned by individuals/companies. Example: Reliance, Infosys.
⚡ Public → social welfare focus, Private → profit motive.
🔵 Question 27: Explain two ways in which government supports unorganised sector workers.
🟢 Answer:
✔️ Implements schemes like MGNREGA, providing wage work.
🌿 Provides credit, training, social security benefits.
⚡ Laws ensure minimum wages and prevent child labour.
🔵 Question 28: How does classification into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors help in policy-making?
🟢 Answer:
🧠 Helps identify imbalances (e.g., more workers in agriculture but low GDP share).
🌿 Guides resource allocation for balanced growth.
⚡ Enables targeted schemes in farming, industry, and services.
SECTION D — Long Answer (5 marks each; ~120 words)
🔵 Question 29: Discuss the changing importance of sectors in India’s GDP and employment.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Primary sector: Historically dominant in GDP and jobs, but declining in GDP share.
🏭 Secondary sector: Grew with industrialisation; moderate GDP and job share.
🏢 Tertiary sector: Today contributes highest to GDP (~55%).
💡 Employment: Still majority in agriculture, showing imbalance.
⚡ Services like IT, banking, tourism expand GDP but limited jobs.
🧠 India faces the challenge of shifting workers to industry/services.
🔵 Question 30: Explain the features of unorganised sector employment in India.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Small, scattered enterprises not registered.
⚡ Low wages, long hours, no overtime pay.
💡 No medical, pension, or job security benefits.
👩 Workers vulnerable to exploitation.
🧠 Employs majority of Indian workers, needs protection and reforms.
🔵 Question 31: Analyse the role of government in ensuring equitable distribution of resources.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Government builds infrastructure in backward regions.
⚡ Provides public goods: roads, hospitals, schools.
💡 Implements schemes like PDS, MGNREGA for poor.
🧠 Ensures subsidies and social security for weaker groups.
✔️ Balances growth and reduces inequality.
🔵 Question 32: What is the importance of MGNREGA 2005 in rural development?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Guarantees 100 days of wage work yearly.
⚡ Reduces disguised unemployment in agriculture.
💡 Provides minimum income to rural families.
👩 Focus on women and marginalised groups.
🧠 Creates assets like ponds, canals, roads improving productivity.
SECTION E — Case/Source-Based (4 marks each; 1+1+2)
🔵 Question 33 (Case 1):
“A farmer has to sell crops at low price to traders after harvest due to no storage.”
(i) Which problem is this? (1)
(ii) Suggest one measure. (1)
(iii) Explain long-term solution. (2)
🟢 Answer:
(i) 🌿 Distress sale to local traders.
(ii) ✔️ Cooperative marketing societies.
(iii) 💡 Govt. procurement, warehouses, credit at low interest ensure fair income.
🔵 Question 34 (Case 2):
“A construction worker earns daily wages without benefits or security.”
(i) Which sector is this? (1)
(ii) Why insecure? (1)
(iii) How can govt. protect such workers? (2)
🟢 Answer:
(i) ⚡ Unorganised sector.
(ii) 🌿 No contracts, no fixed pay, no social benefits.
(iii) 💡 By enforcing labour laws, minimum wages, providing health and social schemes.
🔵 Question 35 (Case 3):
“An IT engineer earns a high salary while a street vendor struggles for livelihood.”
(i) Which sector do both belong to? (1)
(ii) Why such income difference? (1)
(iii) How does this reflect inequality? (2)
🟢 Answer:
(i) 🏢 Tertiary sector.
(ii) ⚡ Different skill levels and job security.
(iii) 💡 Shows wide income gap within the same sector — skilled vs unskilled jobs.
SECTION F — Map Skill (5 marks)
🔵 Question 36 (a): On an outline map of India, locate and label two important public sector industries.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Bokaro (Steel Plant).
🏭 Digboi (Oil Refinery).
🔵 Question 36 (b): On an outline map of the world, mark three major service hubs.
🟢 Answer:
🌍 Bengaluru (IT hub, India).
🏢 Silicon Valley (USA).
🌿 London (Banking/Finance hub).
For Visually Impaired Candidates:
(i) Name two major public sector industries in India.
(ii) Name three global service hubs.
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————