Class 12 : Biology (English) – Lesson 3: Reproductive Health
EXPLANATION & SUMMARY
🟢 Introduction to Reproductive Health
Reproductive health refers to a state of complete physical, emotional, behavioral, and social well-being in all aspects of reproduction. It does not merely indicate the absence of disease or disorder of the reproductive system but also implies that individuals have a safe and satisfying sex life, the ability to reproduce, and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so. The term gained momentum after the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo.
To ensure this, India initiated various programs under the umbrella of Family Planning and later expanded it to Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) programs.
✨ Key Objectives of Reproductive Health Programs:
🔹 Awareness and information dissemination
🔹 Access to contraceptives and medical assistance
🔹 Maternal and child care
🔹 Infertility and STD management
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🔴 1. Importance of Reproductive Health in Society
A society with healthy reproductive practices ensures:
✅ Lower infant and maternal mortality
✅ Controlled population growth
✅ Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
✅ Educated and aware youth
✅ Healthier future generations
Awareness about safe sexual practices, timely intervention in STDs, infertility treatments, contraceptive choices, and institutional deliveries is vital.
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🟣 2. Population Explosion and Its Causes
Population explosion refers to the rapid and unchecked increase in human population. India witnessed a sharp rise post-independence due to:
🔸 Decline in death rates due to improved healthcare
🔸 Better nutrition and medical facilities
🔸 Lack of awareness about contraceptives
🔸 Desire for male child in many families
🔸 Early marriages and limited education, especially in rural areas
💠 Such growth puts pressure on natural resources, employment, food, and infrastructure. Hence, it is crucial to control population through awareness and the use of contraceptive methods.
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🔵 3. Birth Control and Contraceptive Methods
Contraception is the prevention of pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of fertilisation, ovulation, or implantation.
✨ Ideal Characteristics of a Good Contraceptive:
✔️ User-friendly
✔️ Easily available
✔️ Effective and reversible
✔️ Economical
✔️ No or minimal side effects
🟩 Types of Contraceptive Methods:
🔹 Natural Methods
Prevent meeting of sperm and ovum.
Examples:
▪️ Periodic abstinence – avoiding intercourse during ovulation
▪️ Coitus interruptus – withdrawal before ejaculation
▪️ Lactational amenorrhea – during full lactation (first 6 months post-birth)
🔹 Barrier Methods
Block sperm from reaching the egg.
Examples:
▪️ Condoms (both male & female)
▪️ Diaphragms, Cervical caps, Spermicidal jellies
🔹 Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs)
Inserted into uterus by medical professionals.
Types:
▪️ Non-medicated IUDs (e.g., Lippes loop)
▪️ Copper-releasing IUDs (e.g., CuT, Cu7) – inhibit sperm motility
▪️ Hormone-releasing IUDs (e.g., LNG-20) – thicken cervical mucus
🔹 Oral Contraceptives
Taken in pill form (e.g., Mala-D, Mala-N)
Contain synthetic hormones that inhibit ovulation.
🔹 Implants and Injections
Hormonal methods (e.g., Norplant) – longer-term contraception.
🔹 Surgical Methods (Sterilisation)
🔸 Vasectomy – removal/blocking of vas deferens in males
🔸 Tubectomy – removal/blocking of fallopian tubes in females
✅ These are permanent and highly effective
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🟠 4. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
Also called abortion, MTP is the voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term. It was legalized in India in 1971 to regulate unsafe abortions.
✅ Done under safe conditions, preferably before 20 weeks.
⚠️ Frequent or unsafe MTPs can lead to complications or infertility.
🔸 Ethical concerns: Misuse for female foeticide
🔸 Solution: Strict legal ban on sex-determination tests
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🟡 5. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Diseases transmitted through sexual contact with an infected person.
Also called Venereal Diseases (VDs) or Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs).
🧪 Examples of STDs:
▪️ Bacterial: Gonorrhoea, Syphilis
▪️ Viral: HIV-AIDS, Genital Herpes, Hepatitis-B
▪️ Fungal: Candidiasis
▪️ Protozoan: Trichomoniasis
🧩 Symptoms (May vary):
▪️ Painful urination
▪️ Discharge from genitals
▪️ Genital ulcers or itching
▪️ Fever or body pain
✅ Most STDs are curable if detected early, but viral infections like HIV are incurable.
🛡️ Prevention is better than cure: monogamous relationships, use of condoms, awareness, and regular check-ups are vital.
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🟢 6. Infertility and Its Management
Infertility is the inability to conceive or produce offspring after 1 year of regular, unprotected intercourse.
📌 Causes in Males:
▪️ Low sperm count, hormonal imbalance, infections, stress
📌 Causes in Females:
▪️ Hormonal disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, ovulation failure
✨ Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs):
🔸 In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) – Fertilisation outside body, embryo implanted in uterus
🔸 Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT) – Zygote transferred into fallopian tube
🔸 Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) – Sperm injected directly into egg
🔸 Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) – Gametes placed in fallopian tube
🔸 Artificial Insemination (AI) – Semen introduced into vagina or uterus
🔸 Surrogacy – Another woman carries the baby for the couple
✔️ ARTs offer hope to infertile couples but are expensive and emotionally demanding
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🔴 7. Reproductive Health and Sex Education
Sex education is crucial for adolescents. It helps:
🧠 Understand body changes
🧠 Prevent unwanted pregnancies and STDs
🧠 Promote responsible behavior
🧠 Remove myths and taboos
💡 Reproductive health is not just about physical well-being but includes mental, social, and emotional aspects.
Programs like RCH, health camps, NGO support, and public education campaigns are essential.
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🌈 Conclusion
India has made progress through policies, awareness, and access to medical resources.
Still, challenges like population growth, gender discrimination, lack of access in rural areas, and social taboos remain.
Through education, government schemes, and public cooperation, we can create a healthy and responsible society.
🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿🌸🌿
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✍️ SUMMARY (~300 Words)
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🔹 Reproductive health refers to complete well-being in all aspects of reproduction, not just absence of diseases.
🔹 India initiated Family Planning programs, later expanded to Reproductive and Child Health (RCH).
🔹 Population explosion is controlled using awareness and contraceptive methods like:
▪️ Natural
▪️ Barrier
▪️ IUDs
▪️ Oral pills
▪️ Surgical methods
🔹 Contraceptives should be safe, effective, affordable, and reversible. Sterilisation (vasectomy and tubectomy) is permanent.
🔹 MTP (Medical Termination of Pregnancy) is legal under specific conditions. But misuse for sex-selective abortion is banned.
🔹 STDs include infections like HIV, Gonorrhoea, and Syphilis.
Preventive measures: monogamy, condom use, awareness, early diagnosis.
🔹 Infertility may affect males or females. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) like IVF, ZIFT, GIFT, and surrogacy help such couples.
🔹 Sex education in schools empowers students with correct information about puberty, hygiene, STDs, and safe practices.
🔹 Reproductive health is key to social well-being and economic development.
Better awareness, healthcare, and education ensure a healthy future generation.
🌟 Reproductive health = Awareness + Access + Responsibility
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QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK
Q1. What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in a society?
🟢 Answer:
Reproductive health is essential for the overall well-being of individuals and society. It ensures: ✔️ Physical and emotional health of individuals
✔️ Prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
✔️ Reduced maternal and infant mortality
✔️ Proper family planning and population control
✔️ Socio-economic development through informed reproductive choices
Q2. Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.
🟢 Answer:
Some crucial aspects include
🔹 Creating awareness about reproductive hygiene
🔹 Promoting safe sex practices and use of contraceptives
🔹 Preventing STDs and HIV
🔹 Providing education on sex and sexuality
🔹 Ensuring availability of reproductive health services
🔹 Encouraging medical check-ups and infertility treatment
Q3. Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?
🟢 Answer:
Yes, it is essential. Sex education helps students:
📘 Understand physical and emotional changes during puberty
🚫 Prevent myths and misconceptions
🛡️ Avoid unwanted pregnancies and STDs
🧠 Make informed decisions about reproductive health
👥 Develop respect for others and avoid exploitation
Q4. Do you think that reproductive health in our country has improved in the past 50 years? If yes, mention some such areas of improvement.
🟢 Answer:
Yes, reproductive health has improved significantly due to:
✅ Increased awareness about family planning
✅ Government initiatives like RCH (Reproductive and Child Health) programs
✅ Availability of contraceptives and MTP services
✅ Better maternal healthcare and reduced infant mortality
✅ Advances in infertility treatment (IVF, IUI, etc.)
Q5. What are the suggested reasons for population explosion?
🟢 Answer:
Key reasons include:
🔸 Decline in death rate due to better healthcare
🔸 High birth rate due to lack of awareness
🔸 Early marriages and large family preferences
🔸 Lack of access to contraceptives and education
Q6. Is the use of contraceptives justified? Give reasons.
🟢 Answer:
Yes, contraceptives are justified because:
✔️ They prevent unwanted pregnancies
✔️ Help maintain proper birth spacing
✔️ Control population growth
✔️ Reduce maternal health risks
✔️ Prevent transmission of STDs (in case of condoms)
Q7. Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?
🟢 Answer:
Gonad removal (castration) is a permanent and irreversible surgical procedure that leads to loss of secondary sexual characters and hormonal imbalance. It is medically unethical as a contraceptive and meant only for medical conditions like cancer.
Q8. Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.
🟢 Answer:
Yes, the ban is absolutely necessary. Amniocentesis was misused for female foeticide due to gender bias. This led to a decline in female sex ratio. To promote gender equality and protect unborn girls, this ban is legally and ethically essential.
Q9. Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
🟢 Answer:
Infertile couples can be helped using Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) such as:
🔹 IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation)
🔹 ZIFT (Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer)
🔹 ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection)
🔹 AI (Artificial Insemination)
🔹 GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer)
🔹 Surrogacy
Q10. What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?
🟢 Answer:
To prevent STDs, one should:
🛡️ Avoid sex with multiple or unknown partners
🛡️ Use condoms during sexual intercourse
🛡️ Maintain personal hygiene
🛡️ Ensure regular medical check-ups
🛡️ Avoid sharing needles or razors
🛡️ Get prompt treatment if any symptoms appear
Q11. State True/False with explanation:
(a) Abortions could happen spontaneously too.
✅ True – These are called miscarriages and occur naturally.
(b) Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/defects in the female partner.
❌ False – Infertility may occur in either partner, not just the female.
(c) Complete lactation could help as a natural method of contraception.
✅ True – Lactational Amenorrhea Method (LAM) is effective for the first 6 months post-delivery.
(d) Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people.
✅ True – Awareness empowers people to make informed decisions and leads to better health outcomes.
Q12. Correct the following statements
(a) Surgical methods of contraception prevent gamete formation.
❌ Correction: They prevent fertilization, not gamete formation.
(b) All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
❌ Correction: Some STDs like HIV/AIDS are incurable, others like syphilis are curable.
(c) Oral pills are very popular contraceptives among the rural women.
❌ Correction: Oral pills are less popular in rural areas due to lack of awareness; condoms or sterilization are more common.
(d) In E.T. techniques, embryos are always transferred into the uterus.
❌ Correction: Embryos can also be transferred into the Fallopian tubes (e.g., ZIFT).
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OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMS
(CBSE MODEL QUESTIONS PAPER)
ESPECIALLY MADE FROM THIS LESSON ONLY
Q1. Which of the following is a natural method of contraception?
(A) Condom
(B) Coitus interruptus
(C) Oral pill
(D) Copper-T
Answer: (B) Coitus interruptus
Q2. Which of the following is a symptom of a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?
(A) Skin pigmentation
(B) Genital ulcers and discharge
(C) Blurred vision
(D) Persistent cough
Answer: (B) Genital ulcers and discharge
Q3. Assertion (A): Oral contraceptive pills inhibit ovulation.
Reason (R): They increase FSH and LH levels.
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, but R is false.
(D) A is false, but R is true.
Answer: (C) A is true, but R is false.
Q4. Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus?
(A) Gonorrhoea
(B) Syphilis
(C) Genital herpes
(D) Chlamydia
Answer: (C) Genital herpes
Q5. Which hormone is commonly present in oral contraceptive pills?
(A) Oxytocin
(B) Testosterone
(C) Estrogen and Progesterone
(D) Thyroxine
Answer: (C) Estrogen and Progesterone
Q6. What is the full form of IUD in the context of contraception?
(A) Internal Uterine Device
(B) Intra-Uterine Device
(C) Immediate Use Device
(D) Injected Uterine Drug
Answer: (B) Intra-Uterine Device
Q7. Which surgical method is used in females for permanent contraception?
(A) Vasectomy
(B) Tubectomy
(C) Hysterectomy
(D) Coitus interruptus
Answer: (B) Tubectomy
Q8. Which among the following is a copper-releasing IUD?
(A) LNG-20
(B) CuT
(C) Mala-N
(D) Norplant
Answer: (B) CuT
Q9. Which of the following is a common cause of male infertility?
(A) Hyperthyroidism
(B) Low sperm count
(C) Ovulation failure
(D) Endometriosis
Answer: (B) Low sperm count
Q10. Which of the following is an assisted reproductive technology (ART)?
(A) Coitus interruptus
(B) Condom use
(C) In Vitro Fertilisation
(D) Tubectomy
Answer: (C) In Vitro Fertilisation
Q11. Assertion (A): Lactational amenorrhea is a temporary method of contraception.
Reason (R): It is effective only up to 6 months after childbirth, if the mother is fully breastfeeding.
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true, but R is false.
(D) A is false, but R is true.
Answer: (A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q12. Which of the following STDs is caused by a retrovirus?
(A) Hepatitis-B
(B) Gonorrhoea
(C) AIDS
(D) Syphilis
Answer: (C) AIDS
Q13. In which ART are gametes directly introduced into the fallopian tube?
(A) ZIFT
(B) ICSI
(C) GIFT
(D) IVF
Answer: (C) GIFT
Q14. Which of the following is an objective of the RCH Programme in India?
(A) Increasing surgical methods
(B) Banning contraceptives
(C) Reducing maternal and infant mortality
(D) Promoting female foeticide
Answer: (C) Reducing maternal and infant mortality
Q15. Which of the following is a temporary, reversible method of contraception?
(A) Tubectomy
(B) Vasectomy
(C) Condom
(D) Hysterectomy
Answer: (C) Condom
Q16. What does ZIFT stand for in assisted reproductive techniques?
(A) Zygote Intra-Follicular Technique
(B) Zygote Implantation for Fertility Treatment
(C) Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer
(D) Zonal Infusion for Tubal Fertility
Answer: (C) Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer
Q17. In which ART technique is a sperm directly injected into the ovum?
(A) IVF
(B) ZIFT
(C) ICSI
(D) AI
Answer: (C) ICSI
Q18. Which of the following contraceptive methods can also prevent STDs?
(A) Oral pills
(B) Copper-T
(C) Condom
(D) Tubectomy
Answer: (C) Condom
Q19. Explain how the use of IUDs helps in preventing conception.
Answer:
IUDs (Intra-Uterine Devices), such as Copper-T, prevent conception by:
Releasing copper ions that suppress sperm motility and viability.
Causing changes in the uterine lining that prevent implantation.
Acting as a physical barrier to the movement of sperms.
They are highly effective, long-lasting, and reversible methods of contraception.
Q20. Why is the use of condoms considered a dual protection method?
Answer:
Condoms are considered dual protection because:
They prevent unwanted pregnancies by blocking sperm entry into the female reproductive tract.
They reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) like HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhoea, etc.
Q21. A couple is unable to have a child. The medical reports suggest low sperm count in the male partner. Name a suitable ART for them and explain how it works.
Answer:
Suitable ART: Artificial Insemination (AI)
Working:
Semen collected from the male partner (or donor if needed) is processed and introduced into the female’s vagina or uterus around the time of ovulation to enhance chances of fertilisation.
Q22. What is MTP? Under what condition is it considered legal and justified in India?
Answer:
MTP stands for Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
It is legally permitted in India under the following conditions:
If the pregnancy poses a threat to the life or health (physical/mental) of the mother.
If the fetus shows severe abnormalities.
In cases of contraceptive failure or rape.
It is allowed only up to 20–24 weeks under medical supervision.
Q23. List any four steps to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:
Avoid unprotected sex and maintain monogamous relationships.
Use condoms during every sexual encounter.
Avoid sharing needles, razors, or syringes.
Seek prompt medical attention in case of suspected infection.
Q24. Write any three differences between natural and barrier methods of contraception.
Answer:
Natural Method Barrier Method
Based on avoiding intercourse during fertile period Involves use of physical devices to block sperm
No cost or device required Requires external devices (e.g., condom)
Less reliable More reliable and effective
Examples: Coitus interruptus, lactational amenorrhea (natural); condoms, diaphragms (barrier)
Q25. Differentiate between tubectomy and vasectomy. Name the structures cut and tied in each case.
Answer:
Feature Tubectomy Vasectomy
Gender Female Male
Structure blocked Fallopian tubes Vas deferens
Effect Prevents egg transport Prevents sperm transport
Reversibility Usually irreversible Usually irreversible
Both are surgical and permanent contraceptive methods.
Q26. A woman wants to delay her pregnancy for a few years but prefers a temporary hormonal method. Suggest a suitable method and explain its working.
Answer:
Suggested Method: Oral contraceptive pills
Working:
Pills contain synthetic hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
These inhibit ovulation by suppressing FSH and LH release from the pituitary.
Also cause thickening of cervical mucus and change in endometrial lining to prevent implantation.
Q27. What are the ethical issues associated with amniocentesis? Why is it banned for sex determination?
Answer:
Ethical Issues:
Amniocentesis was misused for sex determination followed by female foeticide.
This led to a declining female sex ratio in many parts of India.
Ban Justification:
To prevent gender-based discrimination before birth.
It is now legally banned for sex determination but allowed for detecting genetic abnormalities.
Q28. Explain any three Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) with their key steps.
Answer:
IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation):
Fertilisation outside the body; zygote transferred to uterus.
ZIFT (Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer):
Fertilised zygote is transferred into fallopian tube.
ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection):
Sperm directly injected into ovum; used in male infertility.
Each technique helps infertile couples overcome conception difficulties.
Q29. Read the following passage and answer the questions:
India has witnessed a rapid rise in population since independence. The government has introduced family planning programs and campaigns to educate people about contraception and reproductive health. However, challenges such as lack of awareness, social taboos, and cultural factors still hinder progress in many rural areas.
(a) Mention any two reasons for population explosion in India.
(b) How does contraceptive use help in reproductive health?
(c) Name two commonly used temporary contraceptive methods.
Answer:
(a)
Decline in death rate due to improved medical care.
Lack of education and early marriages.
(b)
Contraceptives help in controlling unwanted pregnancies, ensuring proper birth spacing, and maintaining maternal health. This supports better family and community health.
(c)
Condoms
Oral contraceptive pills
Q30. Read the following case study and answer the questions:
A 32-year-old woman and her husband have been trying to conceive for over 2 years. Medical examination reveals that the woman’s fallopian tubes are blocked, and ovulation is irregular. The couple is advised to try ART.
(a) Name two ARTs that can help this couple.
(b) Which hormones are essential to induce ovulation in such patients?
(c) Name one ART that involves fertilisation outside the body.
Answer:
(a) IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) and ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection)
(b) FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) and LH (Luteinising Hormone)
(c) IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation)
Q31. Read the passage and answer the following:
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are rising among sexually active adolescents due to lack of awareness and unprotected sex. These infections can cause infertility, complications during pregnancy, and in severe cases, even death.
(a) Name any two STDs caused by bacteria.
(b) Suggest two ways to prevent transmission of STDs.
(c) Why is early diagnosis important in the case of STDs?
Answer:
(a) Gonorrhoea and Syphilis
(b)
Using condoms
Avoiding multiple sexual partners
(c)
Early diagnosis helps in effective treatment, prevents complications like infertility, and stops further spread of infection.
Q32. Describe in detail the types of contraceptive methods used to control birth. Mention one merit and one demerit of each.
Answer:
Natural Methods:
Examples: Coitus interruptus, periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea
Merit: No side effects
Demerit: Unreliable if timing is miscalculated
Barrier Methods:
Examples: Condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps
Merit: Prevent STDs and pregnancy
Demerit: Risk of rupture or improper use
Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs):
Examples: Copper-T, LNG-20
Merit: Long-term and effective
Demerit: May cause uterine cramps or bleeding
Oral Contraceptives:
Examples: Mala-D, Mala-N
Merit: Regulates menstrual cycle
Demerit: May cause hormonal side effects
Surgical Methods:
Examples: Vasectomy, Tubectomy
Merit: Permanent solution
Demerit: Irreversible and requires surgery
Q33. What is infertility? Discuss the causes and any four ART techniques used to treat infertile couples.
Answer:
Infertility:
The inability of a couple to conceive even after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse.
Causes:
In males: Low sperm count, poor sperm motility, blockages, hormonal issues
In females: Ovulation failure, blocked fallopian tubes, uterine disorders
ART Techniques:
IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation): Fertilisation outside the body; embryo transferred to uterus.
ZIFT (Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer): Zygote transferred into fallopian tube.
ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection): Single sperm injected directly into ovum.
GIFT (Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer): Gametes introduced into fallopian tube for fertilisation.
These techniques have helped many couples achieve parenthood.
Q34. What are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)? Write symptoms, transmission modes, and control/prevention measures for STDs.
Answer:
Definition:
STDs are infections transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact with an infected individual.
Examples: Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, AIDS, Genital herpes
Symptoms:
Painful urination
Genital ulcers
Discharge from genitals
Pelvic pain and rashes
Transmission Modes:
Unprotected sex
Sharing infected needles or razors
Transfusions of infected blood
From mother to child during childbirth
Prevention and Control:
Avoid multiple sexual partners
Use of condoms
Regular checkups and early treatment
Avoid sharing personal items like razors
Q35. Describe the role and objectives of the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme introduced by the Government of India.
Answer:
Role:
The RCH Programme was launched to improve reproductive health care, maternal health, and child survival through accessible and affordable medical services.
Objectives:
Provide reproductive health education
Control population growth
Reduce maternal and infant mortality
Prevent and treat STDs
Offer infertility treatments and contraceptive services
Ensure institutional deliveries and immunization
Empower women with health-related choices
Through public awareness, medical facilities, and family welfare programs, RCH promotes a healthier and informed society.
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