Class 11 : Biology (In English) – Lesson 6. Anatomy of Flowering Plants

EXPLANATION & SUMMARY

🌿✨ Introduction
🧠 Anatomy refers to the internal structure and organization of various plant organs such as roots, stems, and leaves. Unlike morphology, which focuses on the external form, anatomy studies the microscopic details and arrangement of tissues that perform vital functions.
🪴 Tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function, organized into simple tissues (single type) and complex tissues (multiple types). Understanding anatomy reveals how plants grow, conduct, and support themselves 🌍.
💡 Concept:
Morphology = external form
Anatomy = internal structure
Histology = microscopic study of tissues
This chapter covers plant tissues, their distribution, and anatomical features of roots, stems, and leaves in both monocots and dicots.

🌱 Plant Tissues
🧬 1. Meristematic Tissues
💡 Definition: Tissues with actively dividing cells, responsible for growth.
🧠 Characteristics:
🌿 Thin cell walls, dense cytoplasm, prominent nuclei, no intercellular space.
🪴 Types based on position:
🧭 Apical meristem: at tips of root and shoot; increases length.
🌾 Intercalary meristem: at nodes; elongation of internodes (grass).
🌳 Lateral meristem: (cambium) increases girth.
✏️ Note: Meristems form permanent tissues after differentiation.

🍃 2. Permanent Tissues
Formed from meristems, they lose ability to divide.
🔹 Simple (one cell type)
🔹 Complex (different cell types)

🪵 Simple Permanent Tissues
🌿 Parenchyma
➤ Thin-walled living cells, large vacuoles
➤ Functions: storage, photosynthesis, healing
➤ Found in cortex, pith, mesophyll
🍀 Collenchyma
➤ Living, unevenly thickened at corners
➤ Provides flexibility and support
➤ Found below epidermis in dicot stems
🌳 Sclerenchyma
➤ Dead, thick lignified walls
➤ Provides mechanical strength
➤ Types: fibres (elongated), sclereids (stone cells)

🌾 Complex Permanent Tissues
🧪 Xylem – conducts water and minerals upward
🔹 Tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres, xylem parenchyma
⚡ Main function: upward conduction and support
💧 Phloem – transports food from leaves
🔹 Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibres
⚡ Direction: mainly downward (bidirectional in some)
✏️ Note:
Primary xylem → formed first
Secondary xylem → formed later from cambium

🌿 Tissue Systems
🧠 Based on function, plant body shows three tissue systems:
🌸 Epidermal system

➤ Outer protective layer (epidermis)
➤ Covered by cuticle; may have stomata, trichomes
🌱 Ground tissue system
➤ Includes parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
➤ Fills interior space; supports and stores
🌾 Vascular tissue system
➤ Contains xylem and phloem
➤ Arranged in bundles

🌱 Anatomy of Dicot Root
🧬 Example: Bean root
🧠 Features
🌿 Epidermis (piliferous layer) with root hairs
🍃 Cortex of parenchyma
🧪 Endodermis with Casparian strips
🧺 Pericycle gives rise to lateral roots
⚙️ Vascular bundle: radial, xylem and phloem alternate
🧬 Xylem is exarch (protoxylem outside)
🪵 Pith small or absent
✏️ Note: Secondary growth occurs by cambium formation later.

🌾 Anatomy of Monocot Root
🧬 Example: Maize root
🌿 Epidermis with root hairs
🍃 Cortex wide
🧪 Endodermis distinct with Casparian strips
🪵 Pericycle single-layered
📈 Vascular bundles more (polyarch), radial
⚙️ Pith large and well-developed
💡 No secondary growth

🌿 Anatomy of Dicot Stem
🧬 Example: Sunflower stem
🌸 Epidermis with cuticle and trichomes
🍃 Collenchyma beneath for support
🌿 Parenchyma cortex
🧪 Endodermis forms starch sheath
🪵 Pericycle with sclerenchyma patches
📈 Vascular bundles arranged in ring
⚙️ Bundle = conjoint, collateral, open (with cambium)
💡 Secondary growth occurs (wood formation)

🌾 Anatomy of Monocot Stem
🧬 Example: Maize stem
🌸 Epidermis single-layered
🍃 Ground tissue undifferentiated
🧪 Vascular bundles scattered
⚙️ Each bundle = conjoint, collateral, closed (no cambium)
🪴 No secondary growth
✏️ Note: Mechanical strength from sclerenchymatous sheath around bundles.

🍃 Anatomy of Dicot Leaf (Dorsiventral)
🌿 Epidermis: upper (adaxial) + lower (abaxial)
🍃 Mesophyll: palisade + spongy parenchyma
🧪 Vascular bundles: midrib large, lateral smaller
🌸 Stomata more on lower surface
💡 Photosynthesis mainly in palisade cells

🌾 Anatomy of Monocot Leaf (Isobilateral)
🪴 Both epidermises similar
🌿 Mesophyll not differentiated
🧪 Vascular bundles parallel, equal size
🍃 Bulliform cells help in rolling during water stress
⚡ Stomata on both surfaces

🌳 Secondary Growth (in Dicots)
Occurs in dicot stems and roots; increases girth.
🧠 Key tissues:
Vascular cambium → secondary xylem & phloem
Cork cambium → periderm (bark)
🌿 Steps:
Cambium ring forms
Adds secondary xylem inside, phloem outside
Formation of annual rings
Cork cambium forms phellem, phelloderm
💡 Concept: Explains wood formation and bark structure.

🌍 Why This Lesson Matters
🌿 Explains organization and function of plant tissues
🧬 Helps understand growth patterns and support mechanisms
🧠 Builds base for plant physiology and wood science
⚡ Crucial for NEET/JEE questions on tissue arrangement

📝 Quick Recap
🧬 Tissues: Meristematic & Permanent
🪵 Permanent: Simple (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma); Complex (Xylem, Phloem)
🌸 Root Anatomy: Radial bundles; dicot exarch, monocot polyarch
🌿 Stem Anatomy: Ringed bundles in dicot; scattered in monocot
🍃 Leaf Anatomy: Dorsiventral (dicot), Isobilateral (monocot)
🌳 Secondary Growth: By vascular & cork cambium

📘 Summary
Anatomy reveals internal design of flowering plants.
🌿 Meristems drive growth; permanent tissues handle functions.
🧬 Xylem and phloem form transport system.
🌱 Dicot roots/stems show secondary growth; monocots generally don’t.
🍃 Leaves show adaptation in tissue arrangement.
Understanding these systems clarifies transport, support, and growth in plants and aids in identification and applied sciences 🌍.

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QUESTIONS FROM TEXTBOOK

🔵 Question 1. Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between:
(a) Monocot root and Dicot root
(b) Monocot stem and Dicot stem
🟢 Answer:
🌿 (a) Monocot Root vs Dicot Root
Feature Dicot Root Monocot Root
Number of xylem bundles 2–6 (less) Many (more than 6, polyarch)
Pith Small or absent Large and well-developed
Cortex Narrow Broad
Pericycle Gives rise to lateral roots No such function
Vascular bundles Radial, exarch Radial, exarch
Secondary growth Present Absent
✏️ Illustration description:
– Central vascular cylinder; dicot shows fewer xylem arms, monocot many.
– Monocot root has large pith, dicot root small pith.
🌸 (b) Monocot Stem vs Dicot Stem
Feature Dicot Stem Monocot Stem
Vascular bundles Arranged in ring Scattered in ground tissue
Bundle type Open (with cambium) Closed (no cambium)
Ground tissue Differentiated into cortex, pith Undifferentiated
Secondary growth Present Absent
✏️ Illustration description:
– Dicot stem: vascular ring; monocot stem: scattered bundles with bundle sheath.
✔️ Conclusion: Monocot stems and roots lack secondary growth; dicots generally show secondary growth.

🔵 Question 2. Cut a transverse section of young stem of a plant from your school garden and observe it under the microscope. How would you ascertain whether it is a monocot stem or a dicot stem? Give reasons.
🟢 Answer:
🧫 Observation:
When a T.S. of a young stem is seen under microscope:
➡️ If dicot stem:
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Bundles are open (cambium present)
Secondary growth possible
Distinct cortex and pith
➡️ If monocot stem:
Vascular bundles scattered in ground tissue
Bundles are closed (no cambium)
No secondary growth
Ground tissue undifferentiated
✔️ Conclusion:
If bundles are scattered and closed, it is a monocot stem.
If ring-shaped and open, it is a dicot stem.

🔵 Question 3. The transverse section of a plant material shows the following anatomical features:
(a) The vascular bundles are conjoint, scattered and surrounded by a sclerenchymatous bundle sheath.
(b) Phloem parenchyma is absent.
What will you identify it as?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 These are characteristic features of a monocot stem.
✔️ Reasons:
➡️ Conjoint & scattered bundles → Monocot.
➡️ Sclerenchymatous bundle sheath present.
➡️ Phloem parenchyma absent.
➡️ Closed vascular bundles (no cambium).
🧬 Hence, it is identified as a monocot stem.

🔵 Question 4. What is stomatal apparatus? Explain the structure of stomata with a labelled diagram.
🟢 Answer:
🌸 Stomatal apparatus = Stomata + Guard cells + Subsidiary cells.
✔️ Controls gaseous exchange and transpiration.
🧪 Structure of stomata:
Stomatal pore: opening for exchange
Guard cells: kidney-shaped in dicots, dumb-bell-shaped in monocots
Subsidiary cells: surround guard cells
Epidermal cells: outer layer
✏️ Labelled diagram description: Two guard cells with pore, flanked by subsidiary cells in epidermis.
💡 Function: Regulate opening and closing through turgor pressure.

🔵 Question 5. Name the three basic tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each system.
🟢 Answer:
🧬 Three basic tissue systems:
🌿 Epidermal Tissue System
➡️ Tissues: Epidermis, trichomes, root hairs, guard cells.
🌸 Ground Tissue System
➡️ Tissues: Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, endodermis, pericycle, cortex, pith.
🧫 Vascular Tissue System
➡️ Tissues: Xylem, phloem, vascular cambium, bundle sheath.
✔️ Function: Protection, support, conduction, storage.

🔵 Question 6. How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Importance of plant anatomy:
🧠 Helps in identifying monocots and dicots.
🌱 Helps understand adaptations (xerophytes, hydrophytes).
🧬 Important in wood classification (hardwood, softwood).
⚗️ Assists in plant breeding and taxonomy.
🧫 Used in industrial uses (paper, fibres).
✔️ Conclusion: Anatomy helps in understanding internal structure and its relation to function.

🔵 Question 7. Describe the internal structure of a dorsiventral leaf with the help of labelled diagrams.
🟢 Answer:
🌿 Dorsiventral leaf (typical dicot leaf, e.g. mustard):
Upper epidermis: single layer, cuticle, no chloroplast.
Mesophyll:
➡️ Palisade parenchyma — upper side, elongated cells, rich in chloroplasts.
➡️ Spongy parenchyma — lower side, air spaces.
Vascular bundles: Conjoint, collateral; xylem towards upper, phloem towards lower.
Lower epidermis: with stomata for gaseous exchange.
✏️ Labelled diagram description: Upper epidermis → palisade → spongy → lower epidermis with stomata → vascular bundle in centre.
✔️ Function: Efficient photosynthesis and gaseous exchange.

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OTHER IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR EXAMS

(CBSE MODEL QUESTIONS PAPER)

ESPECIALLY MADE FROM THIS LESSON ONLY

🔴 Question 1:
The study of internal structure of plants is called:
🔴1️⃣ Morphology
🟢2️⃣ Anatomy
🟡3️⃣ Cytology
🔵4️⃣ Histology
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Anatomy

🔴 Question 2:
The permanent tissues are derived from:
🔴1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢2️⃣ Lateral meristem
🟡3️⃣ Meristematic tissues
🔵4️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🟢 Answer: 3️⃣ Meristematic tissues

🔴 Question 3:
Apical meristem is responsible for:
🔴1️⃣ Secondary growth
🟢2️⃣ Primary growth
🟡3️⃣ Increase in girth
🔵4️⃣ Healing of wounds
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Primary growth

🔴 Question 4:
The thickening of cell wall due to deposition of lignin is found in:
🔴1️⃣ Collenchyma
🟢2️⃣ Parenchyma
🟡3️⃣ Sclerenchyma
🔵4️⃣ Xylem parenchyma
🟢 Answer: 3️⃣ Sclerenchyma

🔴 Question 5:
Xylem and phloem together constitute:
🔴1️⃣ Simple tissue
🟢2️⃣ Complex tissue
🟡3️⃣ Meristematic tissue
🔵4️⃣ Protective tissue
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Complex tissue

🔴 Question 6:
Which element of xylem is living?
🔴1️⃣ Vessels
🟢2️⃣ Tracheids
🟡3️⃣ Xylem fibres
🔵4️⃣ Xylem parenchyma
🟢 Answer: 4️⃣ Xylem parenchyma

🔴 Question 7:
Phloem in gymnosperms lacks:
🔴1️⃣ Sieve tubes
🟢2️⃣ Companion cells
🟡3️⃣ Phloem parenchyma
🔵4️⃣ Phloem fibres
🟢 Answer: 2️⃣ Companion cells

🔴 Question 8:
The cork cells are impervious to water due to the presence of:
🔴1️⃣ Cellulose
🟢2️⃣ Lignin
🟡3️⃣ Suberin
🔵4️⃣ Cutin
🟢 Answer: 3️⃣ Suberin

🔴 Question 9:
The secondary growth in dicot stem is due to:
🔴1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢2️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🟡3️⃣ Vascular cambium and cork cambium
🔵4️⃣ Pith cambium
🟢 Answer: 3️⃣ Vascular cambium and cork cambium

🔴 Question 10:
The radial arrangement of vascular bundles is found in:
🔴1️⃣ Dicot stem
🟢2️⃣ Monocot stem
🟡3️⃣ Dicot root
🔵4️⃣ Monocot leaf
🟢 Answer: 3️⃣ Dicot root

🔴 Question 11:
Define simple permanent tissues and name their types.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Simple tissues are made of similar cells performing same function.
Types:
 1️⃣ Parenchyma: Living, thin-walled, stores food.
 2️⃣ Collenchyma: Living, thick corners, mechanical support.
 3️⃣ Sclerenchyma: Dead, lignified, gives rigidity.

🔴 Question 12:
What are complex permanent tissues? Give two examples.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Composed of different types of cells working together.
Examples:
 1️⃣ Xylem — transports water 💧.
 2️⃣ Phloem — transports food 🍞.

🔴 Question 13:
What are meristematic tissues? Describe their types based on position.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Tissues with actively dividing cells, responsible for plant growth.
Types (based on position):
 1️⃣ Apical meristem:
  • Found at tips of root and shoot.
  • Responsible for primary growth (length).
 2️⃣ Intercalary meristem:
  • Found at base of nodes or leaves.
  • Causes regrowth in grasses 🌾.
 3️⃣ Lateral meristem:
  • Present along sides of stem and root.
  • Responsible for secondary growth (girth).

🔴 Question 14:
Describe the simple permanent tissues and their functions.
🟢 Answer:
1️⃣ Parenchyma:
 • Living cells; thin walls; large vacuoles.
 • Functions: storage, photosynthesis, healing.
2️⃣ Collenchyma:
 • Living, thickened corners with cellulose.
 • Provides mechanical support & flexibility.
3️⃣ Sclerenchyma:
 • Dead, lignified walls.
 • Provides hardness & rigidity.
🧠 Together, they form basic permanent tissues performing simple functions.

🔴 Question 15:
Write the main components and functions of xylem.
🟢 Answer:
Components:
 1️⃣ Tracheids — water conduction & support.
 2️⃣ Vessels — main conducting elements 💧.
 3️⃣ Xylem fibres — mechanical strength.
 4️⃣ Xylem parenchyma — storage.
Function:
 ✔️ Transports water & minerals upward.
 ✔️ Provides mechanical support.

🔴 Question 16:
Write the main components and functions of phloem.
🟢 Answer:
Components:
 1️⃣ Sieve tube elements — conduction of food.
 2️⃣ Companion cells — control activities of sieve tubes.
 3️⃣ Phloem parenchyma — stores food.
 4️⃣ Phloem fibres — mechanical support.
Function:
 ✔️ Transports organic food (sucrose) from leaves 🍃 to other parts.

🔴 Question 17:
Differentiate between open and closed vascular bundles.
🟢 Answer:
Feature Open Closed
Cambium Present Absent
Secondary growth Occurs No secondary growth
Example Dicot stem 🌻 Monocot stem 🌾
💡 Open bundles show secondary growth due to cambium.

🔴 Question 18:
Describe the anatomy of dicot stem 🌻.
🟢 Answer:
Epidermis: Outermost layer with cuticle.
Cortex: Collenchyma + parenchyma.
Endodermis: Starch sheath.
Pericycle: Few layers beneath endodermis.
Vascular bundles: Arranged in ring, open & conjoint.
Pith: Large central parenchyma.
Feature: Shows secondary growth.

🔴 Question 19:
Describe the anatomy of monocot stem 🌾.
🟢 Answer:
Epidermis: Outer layer with thick cuticle.
Ground tissue: Uniform, no cortex-pith distinction.
Vascular bundles: Scattered, closed & conjoint.
Bundle sheath: Present.
Feature: No secondary growth.

🔴 Question 20:
Describe the anatomy of dicot root.
🟢 Answer:
Epiblema: Outermost with root hairs.
Cortex: Parenchymatous.
Endodermis: Casparian strips.
Pericycle: Gives rise to lateral roots.
Vascular bundles: Radial, xylem exarch.
Pith: Small or absent.
Feature: Shows secondary growth.

🔴 Question 21:
Describe the anatomy of monocot root 🌽.
🟢 Answer:
Epiblema: Outer layer with root hairs.
Cortex: Many parenchyma layers.
Endodermis: Casparian strips.
Pericycle: Gives lateral roots.
Vascular bundles: Radial, polyarch, xylem exarch.
Pith: Large & well-developed.
Feature: No secondary growth.

🔴 Question 22:
Differentiate between monocot and dicot root.
🟢 Answer:
Feature Dicot Root Monocot Root
Vascular bundles 4–6 (few) Many (polyarch)
Pith Small/absent Large
Secondary growth Present Absent
Example Bean 🌿 Maize 🌾

🔴 Question 23:
Describe the secondary growth in dicot stem 🌻 with stages.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Formation of secondary tissues by lateral meristems (cambium) increases the girth of stem.
Process:
 1️⃣ Formation of cambium ring:
  • In vascular bundles, intrafascicular cambium is joined by interfascicular cambium to form a continuous ring.
 2️⃣ Activity of cambium:
  • Produces secondary xylem inward and secondary phloem outward.
 3️⃣ Formation of annual rings:
  • Alternating spring and autumn wood form growth rings 🌳.
 4️⃣ Cork cambium (phellogen):
  • Arises from cortex → produces phellem (cork) outside and phelloderm inside.
 5️⃣ Periderm formation:
  • Phellem + phellogen + phelloderm = Periderm.
Result:
 ✅ Increase in girth.
 ✅ Protection through cork layer.

🔴 Question 24:
Describe secondary growth in dicot root 🌱.
🟢 Answer:
Initiation: Secondary growth starts from cambium formed by pericycle and conjunctive tissue.
Steps:
 1️⃣ Cambium formation: Conjunctive tissue cells become cambial strips.
 2️⃣ Cambium activity: Forms secondary xylem inward, secondary phloem outward.
 3️⃣ Cork cambium: Formed from pericycle; produces cork externally.
 4️⃣ Result: Root becomes thick due to secondary tissues.
Feature:
 ✔️ Annual rings absent.
 ✔️ Function: Strength and conduction.

🔴 Question 25:
Explain the structure and functions of epidermis in plants.
🟢 Answer:
Structure:
 • Outermost layer of cells covering all plant parts.
 • Usually single-layered, with cuticle on aerial parts.
 • May have trichomes and stomata.
Functions:
 1️⃣ Protection from mechanical injury and infection.
 2️⃣ Reduces water loss by cuticle.
 3️⃣ Exchange of gases through stomata.
 4️⃣ Absorption in roots (root hairs 💧).

🔴 Question 26:
Describe the structure of stomata and lenticels and their roles.
🟢 Answer:
Stomata:
 1️⃣ Pores on epidermis surrounded by guard cells.
 2️⃣ Present in leaves 🍃; control transpiration and gas exchange.
 3️⃣ Open/close due to turgor pressure.
Lenticels:
 1️⃣ Openings in cork layer.
 2️⃣ Made of loosely arranged parenchyma.
 3️⃣ Help in gaseous exchange during secondary growth.
💡 Both maintain internal gaseous balance.

🔴 Question 27:
Write differences between primary xylem and secondary xylem.
🟢 Answer:
Feature Primary Xylem Secondary Xylem
Origin From procambium From vascular cambium
Function Conduction in young plant Conduction + support
Position Near centre Between primary xylem and phloem
Growth rings Absent Present
Secondary xylem forms annual rings 🌳 in dicot stem.

🔴 Question 28:
Explain the structure and function of periderm.
🟢 Answer:
Definition: Protective tissue formed during secondary growth.
Components:
 1️⃣ Phellogen (cork cambium): Meristematic, produces other two layers.
 2️⃣ Phellem (cork): Outer dead layer with suberin, water-proof.
 3️⃣ Phelloderm: Inner living parenchyma.
Function:
 ✔️ Replaces epidermis.
 ✔️ Prevents water loss.
 ✔️ Provides protection.

🔴 Question 29:
Differentiate between heartwood and sapwood.
🟢 Answer:
Feature Heartwood Sapwood
Color Dark Light
Function Non-conducting Conducting
Position Central Peripheral
Role Support Conduction of water 💧
Heartwood: Durable and resistant to decay.
Sapwood: Functional in water transport.

🔴 Question 30:
Write short notes on growth rings and bark.
🟢 Answer:
Growth rings:
 • Alternate layers of spring wood (lighter) and autumn wood (darker) formed due to seasonal activity of cambium.
 • Each ring = 1 year’s growth.
 • Used to determine age of plant 🌳.
Bark:
 • All tissues external to vascular cambium.
 • Early bark: Formed early in season.
 • Late bark: Formed later; thicker and protective.

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NEET QUESTIONS FROM THIS LESSON

🔵 Q1. Secondary growth in dicot stems is due to activity of
🟡 A. Apical meristem
🟡 B. Cork cambium
🟡 C. Vascular cambium
🟡 D. Intercalary meristem
🟢 Answer: C. Vascular cambium
📅 NEET 2019

🔵 Q2. Companion cells are characteristic of
🟡 A. Xylem of angiosperms
🟡 B. Phloem of angiosperms
🟡 C. Phloem of gymnosperms
🟡 D. Xylem of pteridophytes
🟢 Answer: B. Phloem of angiosperms
📅 AIPMT 2013

🔵 Q3. The protective layer that replaces the epidermis in old roots and stems is
🟡 A. Pericycle
🟡 B. Cork
🟡 C. Cortex
🟡 D. Endodermis
🟢 Answer: B. Cork
📅 NEET 2018

🔵 Q4. Phloem in gymnosperms lacks
🟡 A. Companion cells
🟡 B. Albuminous cells
🟡 C. Sieve cells
🟡 D. Sieve areas
🟢 Answer: A. Companion cells
📅 AIPMT 2012

🔵 Q5. The Casparian strip is present in
🟡 A. Cortex
🟡 B. Endodermis
🟡 C. Pericycle
🟡 D. Phloem
🟢 Answer: B. Endodermis
📅 NEET 2016

🔵 Q6. The wood with vessels is known as
🟡 A. Hard wood
🟡 B. Soft wood
🟡 C. Spring wood
🟡 D. Autumn wood
🟢 Answer: A. Hard wood
📅 AIPMT 2010

🔵 Q7. The growth ring in a tree trunk represents
🟡 A. Annual secondary growth
🟡 B. Monthly growth
🟡 C. Primary xylem only
🟡 D. Cork layers only
🟢 Answer: A. Annual secondary growth
📅 NEET 2021

🔵 Q8. Albuminous cells are found in
🟡 A. Angiosperm xylem
🟡 B. Gymnosperm phloem
🟡 C. Monocot mesophyll
🟡 D. Dicot pericycle
🟢 Answer: B. Gymnosperm phloem
📅 AIPMT 2015

🔵 Q9. The pericycle is the origin of
🟡 A. Secondary xylem
🟡 B. Lateral roots
🟡 C. Endodermal cells
🟡 D. Phellem
🟢 Answer: B. Lateral roots
📅 NEET 2017

🔵 Q10. Interfascicular cambium arises from
🟡 A. Xylem parenchyma
🟡 B. Phloem parenchyma
🟡 C. Medullary rays
🟡 D. Endodermis
🟢 Answer: C. Medullary rays
📅 AIPMT 2011

🔵 Q11. Wood with abundant tracheids and no vessels is
🟡 A. Angiosperm wood
🟡 B. Gymnosperm wood
🟡 C. Hardwood
🟡 D. Spring wood
🟢 Answer: B. Gymnosperm wood
📅 NEET 2020

🔵 Q12. The cork cambium is also known as
🟡 A. Vascular cambium
🟡 B. Phellogen
🟡 C. Periderm
🟡 D. Endodermis
🟢 Answer: B. Phellogen
📅 AIPMT 2009

🔵 Q13. Phloem parenchyma is absent in
🟡 A. Monocot stems
🟡 B. Dicot stems
🟡 C. Gymnosperm stems
🟡 D. Dicot roots
🟢 Answer: A. Monocot stems
📅 NEET 2015

🔵 Q14. Heartwood differs from sapwood in
🟡 A. Being more active in conduction
🟡 B. Having dead elements with tannins and resins
🟡 C. Containing primary xylem
🟡 D. Having functional sieve tubes
🟢 Answer: B. Having dead elements with tannins and resins
📅 AIPMT 2014

🔵 Q15. The secondary xylem formed in spring season is
🟡 A. Autumn wood
🟡 B. Heartwood
🟡 C. Sapwood
🟡 D. Spring wood
🟢 Answer: D. Spring wood
📅 NEET 2012

🔵 Q16. The medullary rays function in
🟡 A. Transport of water only
🟡 B. Transport of food only
🟡 C. Radial conduction of water and food
🟡 D. Mechanical support
🟢 Answer: C. Radial conduction of water and food
📅 AIPMT 2013

🔵 Q17. Resin canals are characteristic of
🟡 A. Angiosperms
🟡 B. Gymnosperms
🟡 C. Pteridophytes
🟡 D. Bryophytes
🟢 Answer: B. Gymnosperms
📅 NEET 2014

🔵 Q18. Endarch condition of primary xylem means
🟡 A. Protoxylem towards periphery
🟡 B. Protoxylem towards center
🟡 C. Metaxylem absent
🟡 D. Protoxylem absent
🟢 Answer: A. Protoxylem towards center (Endarch: protoxylem next to pith)
📅 AIPMT 2010

🔵 Q19. The vascular bundles of monocot stems are
🟡 A. Open and collateral
🟡 B. Closed and scattered
🟡 C. Open and radial
🟡 D. Closed and concentric
🟢 Answer: B. Closed and scattered
📅 NEET 2016

🔵 Q20. Annual rings are distinct in plants growing in
🟡 A. Temperate regions
🟡 B. Tropical regions
🟡 C. Equatorial regions
🟡 D. Polar regions
🟢 Answer: A. Temperate regions
📅 AIPMT 2012

🔵 Q21. The cambium found between xylem and phloem of a vascular bundle is
🟡 A. Primary meristem
🟡 B. Secondary meristem
🟡 C. Intercalary meristem
🟡 D. Phellogen
🟢 Answer: B. Secondary meristem
📅 NEET 2018

🔵 Q22. The function of companion cells is to
🟡 A. Provide mechanical support
🟡 B. Assist sieve tube elements in translocation
🟡 C. Store food
🟡 D. Divide actively
🟢 Answer: B. Assist sieve tube elements in translocation
📅 AIPMT 2011

🔵 Q23. The tissue that provides mechanical strength in young dicot stems is
🟡 A. Sclerenchyma
🟡 B. Collenchyma
🟡 C. Parenchyma
🟡 D. Phloem
🟢 Answer: B. Collenchyma
📅 NEET 2020

🔵 Q24. The bark formed late in the season is
🟡 A. Functional phloem
🟡 B. Hard bark
🟡 C. Soft bark
🟡 D. Early bark
🟢 Answer: B. Hard bark
📅 AIPMT 2013

🔵 Q25. Lenticels are involved in
🟡 A. Photosynthesis
🟡 B. Transpiration
🟡 C. Gaseous exchange
🟡 D. Mechanical support
🟢 Answer: C. Gaseous exchange
📅 NEET 2019

🔵 Q26. In monocot roots, vascular bundles are
🟡 A. Open and radial
🟡 B. Closed and scattered
🟡 C. Radial and polyarch
🟡 D. Conjoint and collateral
🟢 Answer: C. Radial and polyarch
📅 NEET 2018

🔵 Q27. In dicot stems, endodermis is also called
🟡 A. Bundle sheath
🟡 B. Epiblema
🟡 C. Starch sheath
🟡 D. Hypodermis
🟢 Answer: C. Starch sheath
📅 AIPMT 2011

🔵 Q28. The cells of cork are impervious to water because of
🟡 A. Lignin
🟡 B. Suberin
🟡 C. Cutin
🟡 D. Cellulose
🟢 Answer: B. Suberin
📅 NEET 2019

🔵 Q29. A bicollateral vascular bundle has
🟡 A. Phloem on outer side only
🟡 B. Xylem on outer side
🟡 C. Phloem on both outer and inner sides of xylem
🟡 D. Two rings of cambium
🟢 Answer: C. Phloem on both outer and inner sides of xylem
📅 AIPMT 2014

🔵 Q30. The pith is absent in
🟡 A. Dicot root
🟡 B. Monocot root
🟡 C. Monocot stem
🟡 D. Dicot stem
🟢 Answer: A. Dicot root
📅 NEET 2020

🔵 Q31. Hard wood differs from soft wood in having
🟡 A. Vessels
🟡 B. Tracheids only
🟡 C. Albuminous cells
🟡 D. Resin canals
🟢 Answer: A. Vessels
📅 AIPMT 2013

🔵 Q32. Secondary xylem formed during winter season is
🟡 A. Spring wood
🟡 B. Autumn wood
🟡 C. Heart wood
🟡 D. Sap wood
🟢 Answer: B. Autumn wood
📅 NEET 2017

🔵 Q33. In a dicot root, the exarch condition of xylem means
🟡 A. Protoxylem towards centre
🟡 B. Protoxylem towards periphery
🟡 C. Metaxylem absent
🟡 D. Protoxylem absent
🟢 Answer: B. Protoxylem towards periphery
📅 AIPMT 2012

🔵 Q34. Which meristem helps in the increase of girth of plant organs?
🟡 A. Intercalary meristem
🟡 B. Apical meristem
🟡 C. Secondary meristem (lateral cambium)
🟡 D. Primary meristem
🟢 Answer: C. Secondary meristem (lateral cambium)
📅 NEET 2015

🔵 Q35. The vascular bundles in the leaves are surrounded by
🟡 A. Bundle sheath cells
🟡 B. Endodermis
🟡 C. Pericycle
🟡 D. Hypodermis
🟢 Answer: A. Bundle sheath cells
📅 AIPMT 2010

🔵 Q36. Which tissue forms the cork?
🟡 A. Phellogen
🟡 B. Phellem
🟡 C. Phelloderm
🟡 D. Pericycle
🟢 Answer: A. Phellogen
📅 NEET 2016

🔵 Q37. Annual rings are not prominent in tropical trees because
🟡 A. Cambium is always inactive
🟡 B. Activity of cambium is uniform in all seasons
🟡 C. Trees are very small
🟡 D. They lack secondary growth
🟢 Answer: B. Activity of cambium is uniform in all seasons
📅 AIPMT 2009

🔵 Q38. In angiosperms, sieve tube elements are connected through
🟡 A. Pits
🟡 B. Lenticels
🟡 C. Sieve plates
🟡 D. Plasmodesmata only
🟢 Answer: C. Sieve plates
📅 NEET 2021

🔵 Q39. Collenchyma differs from sclerenchyma in
🟡 A. Being dead at maturity
🟡 B. Having lignified walls
🟡 C. Having living cells with unevenly thickened walls
🟡 D. Lacking protoplasm
🟢 Answer: C. Having living cells with unevenly thickened walls
📅 AIPMT 2013

🔵 Q40. The water-conducting tissue in gymnosperms is mainly
🟡 A. Vessels
🟡 B. Tracheids
🟡 C. Companion cells
🟡 D. Sieve tubes
🟢 Answer: B. Tracheids
📅 NEET 2014

🔵 Q41. The region of the root where root hairs are borne is
🟡 A. Region of maturation
🟡 B. Region of elongation
🟡 C. Region of meristematic activity
🟡 D. Root cap
🟢 Answer: A. Region of maturation
📅 AIPMT 2015

🔵 Q42. The cork cambium, cork, and secondary cortex together constitute
🟡 A. Secondary xylem
🟡 B. Bark
🟡 C. Pericycle
🟡 D. Endodermis
🟢 Answer: B. Bark
📅 NEET 2019

🔵 Q43. Passage cells are present in
🟡 A. Pericycle
🟡 B. Endodermis
🟡 C. Cortex
🟡 D. Hypodermis
🟢 Answer: B. Endodermis
📅 AIPMT 2011

🔵 Q44. The tissue responsible for translocation of food in plants is
🟡 A. Xylem
🟡 B. Phloem
🟡 C. Cambium
🟡 D. Cortex
🟢 Answer: B. Phloem
📅 NEET 2020

🔵 Q45. The protophloem elements in dicot stems are replaced by
🟡 A. Sieve plates
🟡 B. Companion cells
🟡 C. Secondary phloem
🟡 D. Metaphloem
🟢 Answer: D. Metaphloem
📅 AIPMT 2014

🔵 Q46. In a dicot stem, hypodermis is made up of
🟡 A. Parenchyma
🟡 B. Collenchyma
🟡 C. Sclerenchyma
🟡 D. Phloem
🟢 Answer: B. Collenchyma
📅 NEET 2018

🔵 Q47. The vascular bundles of monocot stems are described as
🟡 A. Open, collateral and radial
🟡 B. Closed, collateral and scattered
🟡 C. Open and concentric
🟡 D. Closed and radial
🟢 Answer: B. Closed, collateral and scattered
📅 AIPMT 2012

🔵 Q48. The bark produced early in the season is
🟡 A. Functional phloem
🟡 B. Soft bark
🟡 C. Hard bark
🟡 D. Autumn bark
🟢 Answer: B. Soft bark
📅 NEET 2017

🔵 Q49. The vascular cambium responsible for secondary growth originates from
🟡 A. Xylem parenchyma only
🟡 B. Phloem parenchyma only
🟡 C. Interfascicular and fascicular cambium
🟡 D. Endodermis
🟢 Answer: C. Interfascicular and fascicular cambium
📅 AIPMT 2010

🔵 Q50. Which one of the following elements is common to both primary and secondary xylem?
🟡 A. Sieve tubes
🟡 B. Companion cells
🟡 C. Vessels
🟡 D. Phloem fibres
🟢 Answer: C. Vessels
📅 NEET 2016

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PRACTICE SETS FROM THIS LESSON

🔵 Question 1:
The study of internal structure of plant organs is called:
🔴 1️⃣ Morphology
🟢 2️⃣ Anatomy
🟡 3️⃣ Cytology
🔵 4️⃣ Histology
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Anatomy

🔵 Question 2:
A simple tissue is made of:
🔴 1️⃣ One type of cell
🟢 2️⃣ Two types of cells
🟡 3️⃣ Many types of cells
🔵 4️⃣ Different organs
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ One type of cell

🔵 Question 3:
The permanent tissue that provides mechanical support is:
🔴 1️⃣ Collenchyma
🟢 2️⃣ Parenchyma
🟡 3️⃣ Sclerenchyma
🔵 4️⃣ Xylem
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Sclerenchyma

🔵 Question 4:
The thickening in collenchyma cell wall is made of:
🔴 1️⃣ Cellulose
🟢 2️⃣ Lignin
🟡 3️⃣ Cutin
🔵 4️⃣ Pectin and cellulose
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ Pectin and cellulose

🔵 Question 5:
Which of the following is a dead tissue?
🔴 1️⃣ Parenchyma
🟢 2️⃣ Collenchyma
🟡 3️⃣ Sclerenchyma
🔵 4️⃣ Cambium
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Sclerenchyma

🔵 Question 6:
Xylem conducts:
🔴 1️⃣ Water and minerals
🟢 2️⃣ Food
🟡 3️⃣ Hormones
🔵 4️⃣ Proteins
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Water and minerals

🔵 Question 7:
Which one is not a component of xylem?
🔴 1️⃣ Tracheid
🟢 2️⃣ Sieve tube
🟡 3️⃣ Vessel
🔵 4️⃣ Xylem fibre
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Sieve tube

🔵 Question 8:
Which of the following has companion cells?
🔴 1️⃣ Xylem
🟢 2️⃣ Phloem
🟡 3️⃣ Collenchyma
🔵 4️⃣ Sclerenchyma
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Phloem

🔵 Question 9:
The cork is formed by:
🔴 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢 2️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🟡 3️⃣ Cork cambium
🔵 4️⃣ Vascular cambium
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Cork cambium

🔵 Question 10:
The main water conducting tissue in gymnosperms is:
🔴 1️⃣ Vessels
🟢 2️⃣ Tracheids
🟡 3️⃣ Xylem fibres
🔵 4️⃣ Phloem
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Tracheids

🔵 Question 11:
A meristem present at the tips of roots and shoots is:
🔴 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢 2️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🟡 3️⃣ Lateral meristem
🔵 4️⃣ Secondary meristem
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Apical meristem

🔵 Question 12:
Which meristem helps in increase of girth?
🔴 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢 2️⃣ Lateral meristem
🟡 3️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🔵 4️⃣ Primary meristem
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Lateral meristem

🔵 Question 13:
The living mechanical tissue is:
🔴 1️⃣ Collenchyma
🟢 2️⃣ Sclerenchyma
🟡 3️⃣ Xylem
🔵 4️⃣ Phloem
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Collenchyma

🔵 Question 14:
The outermost protective tissue in plant is:
🔴 1️⃣ Cortex
🟢 2️⃣ Epidermis
🟡 3️⃣ Phloem
🔵 4️⃣ Cork
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Epidermis

🔵 Question 15:
The waxy layer on epidermis that prevents water loss is:
🔴 1️⃣ Cutin
🟢 2️⃣ Suberin
🟡 3️⃣ Lignin
🔵 4️⃣ Cellulose
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Cutin

🔵 Question 16:
The function of companion cells is:
🔴 1️⃣ Conduction of food
🟢 2️⃣ Conduction of water
🟡 3️⃣ Support
🔵 4️⃣ Photosynthesis
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Conduction of food

🔵 Question 17:
In dicot stem, vascular bundles are:
🔴 1️⃣ Conjoint, collateral, open
🟢 2️⃣ Conjoint, collateral, closed
🟡 3️⃣ Radial, open
🔵 4️⃣ Radial, closed
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Conjoint, collateral, open

🔵 Question 18:
In monocot stem, vascular bundles are:
🔴 1️⃣ Scattered and closed
🟢 2️⃣ In a ring and open
🟡 3️⃣ Radial and open
🔵 4️⃣ Concentric
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Scattered and closed

🔵 Question 19:
The tissue responsible for secondary growth is:
🔴 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢 2️⃣ Vascular cambium
🟡 3️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🔵 4️⃣ Permanent tissue
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Vascular cambium

🔵 Question 20:
Annual rings are formed due to:
🔴 1️⃣ Secondary growth
🟢 2️⃣ Apical growth
🟡 3️⃣ Seasonal cambial activity
🔵 4️⃣ Both 1 and 3
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ Both 1 and 3

🔵 Question 21:
Which tissue forms periderm?
🔴 1️⃣ Phellogen, phellem, phelloderm
🟢 2️⃣ Xylem and phloem
🟡 3️⃣ Cortex
🔵 4️⃣ Cork cambium only
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Phellogen, phellem, phelloderm

🔵 Question 22:
The portion of young dicot root between epiblema and endodermis is:
🔴 1️⃣ Cortex
🟢 2️⃣ Pericycle
🟡 3️⃣ Pith
🔵 4️⃣ Stele
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Cortex

🔵 Question 23:
Casparian strips are found in:
🔴 1️⃣ Cortex
🟢 2️⃣ Endodermis
🟡 3️⃣ Pericycle
🔵 4️⃣ Phloem
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Endodermis

🔵 Question 24:
The xylem and phloem arranged on different radii form:
🔴 1️⃣ Collateral bundle
🟢 2️⃣ Radial bundle
🟡 3️⃣ Bicollateral bundle
🔵 4️⃣ Concentric bundle
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Radial bundle

🔵 Question 25:
Heartwood differs from sapwood in:
🔴 1️⃣ Presence of living cells
🟢 2️⃣ Functioning xylem
🟡 3️⃣ Dark colour, non-functional
🔵 4️⃣ Presence of cambium
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Dark colour, non-functional

🔵 Question 26:
The meristem responsible for increase in length is:
🔴 1️⃣ Apical meristem
🟢 2️⃣ Lateral meristem
🟡 3️⃣ Intercalary meristem
🔵 4️⃣ Secondary meristem
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Apical meristem

🔵 Question 27:
Which one is not a simple permanent tissue?
🔴 1️⃣ Parenchyma
🟢 2️⃣ Collenchyma
🟡 3️⃣ Xylem
🔵 4️⃣ Sclerenchyma
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Xylem

🔵 Question 28:
Pits are found in:
🔴 1️⃣ Parenchyma
🟢 2️⃣ Xylem elements
🟡 3️⃣ Collenchyma
🔵 4️⃣ Phloem fibres
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Xylem elements

🔵 Question 29:
Tracheids differ from vessels in:
🔴 1️⃣ Lumen size
🟢 2️⃣ Presence of perforation plate
🟡 3️⃣ Type of cell
🔵 4️⃣ All of these
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ All of these

🔵 Question 30:
The apical meristem of root is protected by:
🔴 1️⃣ Root cap
🟢 2️⃣ Quiescent centre
🟡 3️⃣ Calyptra
🔵 4️⃣ Both 1 and 3
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ Both 1 and 3

🔵 Question 31:
Conjoint and collateral vascular bundles are seen in:
🔴 1️⃣ Dicot root
🟢 2️⃣ Monocot root
🟡 3️⃣ Dicot stem
🔵 4️⃣ Monocot stem
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Dicot stem

🔵 Question 32:
In dicot root, exarch xylem means:
🔴 1️⃣ Protoxylem towards centre
🟢 2️⃣ Protoxylem towards periphery
🟡 3️⃣ Xylem in ring
🔵 4️⃣ None
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Protoxylem towards periphery

🔵 Question 33:
The cambium present between xylem and phloem is:
🔴 1️⃣ Interfascicular cambium
🟢 2️⃣ Fascicular cambium
🟡 3️⃣ Phellogen
🔵 4️⃣ Intercalary meristem
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Fascicular cambium

🔵 Question 34:
The cork cells become dead due to deposition of:
🔴 1️⃣ Cutin
🟢 2️⃣ Suberin
🟡 3️⃣ Lignin
🔵 4️⃣ Cellulose
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Suberin

🔵 Question 35:
Bark formed in a season is called:
🔴 1️⃣ Soft bark
🟢 2️⃣ Hard bark
🟡 3️⃣ Ring bark
🔵 4️⃣ Scaly bark
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Soft bark

🔵 Question 36:
The region between two successive nodes is:
🔴 1️⃣ Node
🟢 2️⃣ Internode
🟡 3️⃣ Pith
🔵 4️⃣ Cortex
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Internode

🔵 Question 37:
The secondary xylem formed during favourable season is:
🔴 1️⃣ Autumn wood
🟢 2️⃣ Spring wood
🟡 3️⃣ Heart wood
🔵 4️⃣ Sap wood
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Spring wood

🔵 Question 38:
The lenticels are involved in:
🔴 1️⃣ Food transport
🟢 2️⃣ Gaseous exchange
🟡 3️⃣ Water conduction
🔵 4️⃣ Support
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Gaseous exchange

🔵 Question 39:
Companion cells are absent in:
🔴 1️⃣ Angiosperms
🟢 2️⃣ Gymnosperms
🟡 3️⃣ Monocots
🔵 4️⃣ Dicots
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Gymnosperms

🔵 Question 40:
In monocot root, vascular bundles are:
🔴 1️⃣ 2–4
🟢 2️⃣ 6–8
🟡 3️⃣ 8 or more
🔵 4️⃣ 4 only
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ 8 or more

🔵 Question 41:
The pericycle gives rise to:
🔴 1️⃣ Lateral roots
🟢 2️⃣ Cork cambium
🟡 3️⃣ Part of vascular cambium
🔵 4️⃣ All of these
✔️ Answer: 4️⃣ All of these

🔵 Question 42:
Which among the following is living?
🔴 1️⃣ Xylem vessels
🟢 2️⃣ Xylem fibres
🟡 3️⃣ Xylem parenchyma
🔵 4️⃣ Tracheids
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Xylem parenchyma

🔵 Question 43:
The function of xylem parenchyma is:
🔴 1️⃣ Conduction of water
🟢 2️⃣ Storage of food
🟡 3️⃣ Support
🔵 4️⃣ Transport of hormones
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Storage of food

🔵 Question 44:
The cork cambium arises in:
🔴 1️⃣ Epidermis
🟢 2️⃣ Cortex
🟡 3️⃣ Pericycle
🔵 4️⃣ Endodermis
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Cortex

🔵 Question 45:
The functional phloem in a plant is always:
🔴 1️⃣ Primary phloem
🟢 2️⃣ Secondary phloem
🟡 3️⃣ Oldest phloem
🔵 4️⃣ Heart phloem
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Secondary phloem

🔵 Question 46:
The radial conduction of food and water in stem is done by:
🔴 1️⃣ Pith
🟢 2️⃣ Cortex
🟡 3️⃣ Medullary rays
🔵 4️⃣ Cambium
✔️ Answer: 3️⃣ Medullary rays

🔵 Question 47:
In dicot stem, the vascular bundles are arranged in:
🔴 1️⃣ Ring
🟢 2️⃣ Scattered
🟡 3️⃣ Concentric
🔵 4️⃣ Random
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Ring

🔵 Question 48:
The phloem in gymnosperms consists of:
🔴 1️⃣ Sieve tubes
🟢 2️⃣ Sieve cells
🟡 3️⃣ Companion cells
🔵 4️⃣ All of these
✔️ Answer: 2️⃣ Sieve cells

🔵 Question 49:
The living mechanical tissue in plants is:
🔴 1️⃣ Collenchyma
🟢 2️⃣ Parenchyma
🟡 3️⃣ Sclerenchyma
🔵 4️⃣ Xylem
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Collenchyma

🔵 Question 50:
The first formed xylem is called:
🔴 1️⃣ Protoxylem
🟢 2️⃣ Metaxylem
🟡 3️⃣ Secondary xylem
🔵 4️⃣ Primary xylem
✔️ Answer: 1️⃣ Protoxylem

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MIND MAPS

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